Jorge Fernando Fuentes Zapata

Rendimento de cortes comerciais e composição tecidual da carcaça de cabritos mestiços

Carcass composition related to commercial cuts and tissue composition (muscle, bone and fat) from leg, loin and shoulder of kid goats crossbred Anglo-Nubian or Boer were evaluated in 20 kids from two different genetic groups (13 ½ Anglo-Nubian × ½ Undefined Breed - UB and 7 ½ Boer × ½ UB). The animals were slaughtered at 10 months of age and average body weight of 29 kg ± 0.08. After 24 hours of cooling (2oC), the carcasses were separated in the cuts: leg, loin (fore loin and rear loin), shoulder, breast, rib, neck and flank for the determination of yields related to cold carcass weight. After that, leg, loin (fore loin and rear loin )and shoulder were dissected in muscle, fat and bone tissues to estimate muscle:bone (MBR) and muscle:fat (MFR) ratios. The average yields for the cuts were: 30.8% of leg, 25.1% of loin (17.9% fore loin and 7.0% rear loin), 22.0% of shoulder, 4.8% of breast, 6.9% of neck, 4.8% of rib, and 5.6% of flank. No significant effect of genetic groups on cut yields was detected, except for the rib, that was higher for Anglo-Nubian × UB (5.12%) than for Boer × UB (4.49%). %). In Boer × UB kids, muscle tissue yield (61.05%), MBR (3.91) and MFR (6.85) were higher, while for Anglo-Nubian × UB yield were higher for fat (10.23%) and bone (16.79%) tissues. The carcass from crossbred Boer × UB kids showed higher muscle tissue in the cuts of major commercial value than that from Anglo-Nubian × UB kids.

Fécula de mandioca e farinha de aveia como substitutos de gordura na formulação de hambúrguer de carne ovina

Nos produtos carneos com teor de gordura reduzido, ingredientes tem sido utilizados para manter os atributos de qualidade e rendimento. As farinhas de mandioca e de aveia tem sido usadas como componentes uteis para melhorar as caracteristicas de suculencia e maciez em hamburgueres com baixo nivel de gordura. O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar o efeito da fecula de mandioca e da farinha de aveia sobre as caracteristicas fisicas, quimicas e sensoriais de hamburgueres de carne ovina com teor de gordura reduzido. Foram testadas 4 formulacoes a base de carne ovina limpa: testemunha sem gordura adicionada (F1), com 9,15% de gordura ovina adicionada (F2), sem gordura adicionada e 2% de fecula de mandioca (F3) e sem gordura adicionada e 2% de farinha de aveia (F4). Foram avaliados durante o cozimento: composicao centesimal, rendimento, encolhimento e capacidade de retencao de agua, forca de cisalhamento, cor e analise sensorial dos hamburgueres. Os produtos nos quais foram adicionados os substitutos de gordura (F3 e F4) apresentaram menor teor de gordura, antes e depois de cozidos, menor encolhimento, maior rendimento e capacidade de retencao de agua do que os das formulacoes F1 e F2. A forca de cisalhamento e a intensidade de vermelho (a*) foram menores nos produtos aos quais foram adicionados os substitutos de gordura (F3 e F4) do que nos produtos sem substituicao (F1 e F2). Nao foram detectadas diferencas na aceitacao global dos produtos com diferentes formulacoes. Desta forma, conclui-se que o uso de fecula de mandioca e farinha de aveia pode ser uma alternativa de substituicao de gordura em produtos de carne ovina de baixo nivel de gordura tipo hamburguer.

Estudo da qualidade da carne ovina do nordeste brasileiro: propriedades físicas e sensoriais

The study utilized 10 ½ Somalis-Brasileira ½ Crioula (SB-C) rams and 11 ½ Santa-Ines ½ Crioula (SI-C) rams from two feeding treatments during weaning: grass hay + leucena hay (D1) and grass hay + leucena hay + 20% crude protein concentrate (D2). Experimental data for pH, color, cooking losses, shear force and sensory analysis were analyzed in a randomized block design 2 ´ 2 (2 breeds ´ 2 feeding treatments). It was not observed effect of crossbreed or feeding treatments on meat quality attributes. Meat pH values varied from 5.62 to 5.65, cooking loss varied from 21.45 to 23.90 % and shear force varied from 4.46 to 4.85 kg-f. Meat color parameters varied from 36.67 to 37.70 for L*, from 14.85 to 15.54 for a* and from 0.83 to 1.37 for b*. Sensory analysis of lamb showed a good acceptability with no differences between treatments. Regardless of crossbreed or feeding regime used in this study lamb from Northeast Brazil is acceptable as measured by subjective or objective means.

Efeitos do sexo e do tempo de maturação sobre a qualidade da carne ovina

A study to verify the effects of sex and aging time of selected carcass cuts on meat quality was conducted. Longissimus dorsi and Semimembranous muscles from five intact males, five castrated males and five female lambs with average slaughter weight of about 35kg were used. Meat pH, myofibrillar fragmentation index, cooking losses, shear force, intramuscular lipids, color and sensorial tenderness were measured after 1, 3, 7 and 14 days of aging at 2oC. Meat from castrated males and from female lambs showed lower shear force values than those from intact male lambs. Higher levels of fat and lower cooking losses were observed in meat from castrated animals related to those from intact lambs. Aging time did not significantly (p>0.05) affect shear force or sensory tenderness of meats. This observation suggests that lamb meat, mainly from castrated males, can enter the fresh meat market soon after holding carcasses for 24 hours at 2oC.

Antioxidant effect of mango seed extract and butylated hydroxytoluene in bologna-type mortadella during storage

The effects of mango seed extract (MSE) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) on pH, lipid oxidation, and color of Bologna-type mortadella during refrigerated storage for 21 days were studied. Bologna-type mortadella samples were formulated to contain 0.1% MSE, 0.2% MSE, or 0.01% BHT. After 14 days of storage, the products containing MSE 0.1 or 0.2% had higher pH values than those containing BHT 0.01%. Lipid oxidation values increased with storage time but were not affected by the type of antioxidant. The highest values for color parameter L* were observed for mortadella containing BHT 0.01% after 7, 14, and 21 days of storage. Values for the color parameters a* and b* tended to decrease during mortadella storage. Products containing 0.1 or 0.2% MSE showed higher values for color parameter a* and lower values for color parameter b* compared to those containing 0.01% BHT. It can be concluded that MSE can be used in 0.1 or 0.2% levels in Bologna-type mortadella with similar or better antioxidant effects than those of BHT 0.01%.

Fatty acids, cholesterol, oxidative rancidity, and color of irradiated shrimp

The effect of gamma irradiation (0, 2, 4, and 6 kGy doses) applied to frozen and packed headed shrimp on the fatty acid profile, cholesterol content, and lipid and color stability was evaluated. Myristic acid was higher in shrimp irradiated with 4 and 6 kGy and palmitic acid was higher in samples irradiated with 2 and 6 kGy compared to non-irradiated samples. Stearic and behenic acids were lower in shrimp irradiated with 6 kGy compared to non-irradiated shrimp. With regard to non-irradiated shrimp, palmitoleic, oleic, and linoleic acids and total monounsaturated fatty acids were higher in shrimp irradiated with 6 kGy. Saturated fatty acid and cholesterol contents in irradiated samples were not different from those in non-irradiated shrimp. Lipid oxidation was higher in samples irradiated with 2, 4, and 6 kGy. Redness and yellowness of cooked shrimp were higher in samples irradiated with 6 kGy than in those in non-irradiated samples. The application of irradiation in doses up to 6 kGy on frozen and packed headed shrimp does not affect negatively the fatty acid profile, cholesterol content, and lipid and color stability.

The effect of supplementing layer diets with shark cartilage or chitosan on egg components and yolk lipids.

1. An experiment was designed to evaluate the effects of the addition of shark cartilage (SC) or chitosan (CH) to layer diets on egg component weights, yolk lipids and hen plasma lipids. 2. Hy-Line laying hens (80) were used during a 56 d feeding trial. Treatments were: basal diet (BD), BD + 20 g/kg SC, BD + 30 g/kg SC, BD + 20 g/kg CH and BD + 30 g/kg CH. Eggs were analysed on d 14, 28, 42 and 56. 3. Egg weight and egg component weights were not affected by these treatments throughout the experimental period. 4. After 14 d of experimental feeding, cholesterol levels were higher in eggs from birds given BD + 20 g/kg CH and BD + 30 g/kg CH than in those from birds given BD. 5. Furthermore, eggs from hens given BD + 20 g/kg SC or BD + 20 g/kg CH were higher in palmitic and stearic acids and lower in oleic acid than those from birds fed on BD. After 56 d feeding, however, palmitic and stearic acid contents in eggs from hens given any of the supplemented diets were lower than in those from hens given BD, and oleic acid in eggs from hens given BD + 20 g/kg SC, BD + 30 g/kg SC and BD + 30 g/kg CH was higher than in those from birds fed on BD. 6. Plasma cholesterol and triacylglycerol levels were not significantly affected by dietary treatment. 7. Shark cartilage or chitosan at up to 30 g/kg in layer diets did not affect egg component weights (yolk, white and shell) and total lipid contents. During the period from 42 to 56 d of experimental feeding, diets containing up to 30 g/kg chitosan reduced egg yolk contents of cholesterol, palmitic and stearic acids and increased the content of oleic acid.

Medições instrumentais e sensoriais de dureza e suculência na carne caprina

SUMMARY INSTRUMENTAL AND SENSORIAL ASSESSMENT OF TENDERNESS AND JUICINESS IN GOAT MEAT. The effect of muscle type and aging for seven days on certain functional and sensory properties of goat meat was evaluated. The experiment used meat from longissimus dorsi, semimembranosus and biceps femoris muscles from female goats that were approximately 20 months. After 24 h of being slaughtered and seven days, the aging meat was instrumentally analyzed for cooking losses (CL) and shear force (SF), as well as for sensory firmness (F) and juiciness (J) by a trained panel. CL was not affected (p > 0.05) by the type of muscle and aging of the meat. Before aging, meat from semimembranosus muscles showed higher SF than those from longissimus dorsi or bicep femoris muscles. After aging, meat from semimembranosus and biceps femoris muscles were tenderer than those from longissimus dorsi muscle. Meat from the semimembranosus muscle decreased in firmness during aging. Shear force values in meat showed positive correlation with firmness and negative correlation with juiciness as evaluated by the panelists. A negative correlation between firmness and juiciness was observed. Aging of the meat over seven days decreased firmness in goat meat from muscles, but did not affect cooking losses.

Ácidos graxos da gema e composição do ovo de poedeiras alimentadas com rações com farelo de coco

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of coconut meal (CM) inclusion in commercial layer diets and feeding time, on egg components and yolk fatty acid composition. The experiment followed a factorial design 5x2, with five levels of CM inclusion (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20%) and two feeding time (14 and 28 days). Parameters evaluated included: egg weight, and albumen, yolk and shell percentages, as well as solids, lipids and fatty acid profile of the yolk. The inclusion of CM and feeding time affected the yolk content of myristic acid which increased with CM level and with feeding time. The levels of stearic and oleic acids in the yolk varied with feeding time and were higher in the eggs after 28 days. Polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acid ratio in yolk decreased, when dietary CM levels were higher than 10%, and increased with longer feeding time. The use of CM in laying hen diets does not influence egg composition but increases myristic acid content of the yolk.

Egg quality and yolk lipid composition of laying hens fed diets containing cashew nut meal

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da inclusao do farelo de castanha de caju (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% e 25%) nas racoes de poedeiras sobre a qualidade do ovo e a composicao lipidica da gema. As variaveis estudadas foram: peso dos ovos, gravidade especifica, Unidades Haugh, porcentagem de casca, albumen e gema, umidade, solidos totais, lipidios totais, perfil de acidos graxos e colesterol da gema. A inclusao de ate 25% do farelo da castanha do caju nas racoes nao afetou as caracteristicas de qualidade e de frescor do ovo, o teor de umidade e de solidos totais. No entanto, observou-se um aumento no teor total de lipidios e uma diminuicao da pigmentacao nas gemas com a inclusao. O nivel de acido oleico aumentou, enquanto que os niveis dos acidos palmitico, estearico e linoleico diminuiram. A inclusao de farelo de castanha de caju aumentou a relacao dos monoinsaturados/saturados e proporcionou reducao no teor de colesterol. Assim, a utilizacao do farelo da castanha de caju na racao de poedeiras modifica favoravelmente o perfil de acidos graxos da gema e contribui para uma melhor aceitacao deste alimento pelos consumidores, uma vez que tambem reduz os niveis de colesterol na gema.