Maria de Fátima Freire Fuentes

Efeito de níveis de proteína bruta e de energia metabolizável na dieta sobre o desempenho de codornas de postura

This work was developed to evaluate the effect of different levels of crude protein (CP) and metabolizable energy (ME) on the performance of laying quails. Six hundred and seventy tywo Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) from 42 days to 168 days of age were divided in six periods of 28 days each. The birds were assigned to a completely randomized design, with the treatments in a factorial arrangement of 4 x 4 (protein x energy), with six replication of seven birds per experimental unit. The levels evaluated were: 16, 18, 20 and 22% of crude protein and 2,585; 2,685; 2,785 and 2,885 kcal of metabolizable energy/kg of diet. The treatments did not showed significantly effect on the energy intake and egg production. However, the increase in energy level caused a linear reduction in feed intake, protein intake, egg weight and eggs mass; while, the increase in protein level caused a linear increase in daily intake of crude protein, eggs mass, feed conversion and variation in body weight of the birds and a quadratic effect on the egg weight. The estimated level of crude protein in the diet to obtain the maximum egg weight was 21,16%. It was concluded that Japanese quails regulate feed intake according to the energy level of the diet. In order to obtain higher egg production and better feed conversion diets for laying quails the diets should contain 2,585 kcal ME/kg and 18% crude protein. However, if the objective is to obtain heavier eggs, the protein level in the should increase to 21.16%.

Efeito da inclusão do farelo de coco em rações para poedeiras comerciais

Um experimento (112 dias) foi conduzido para avaliar o efeito da inclusao do farelo de coco (FC) na racao de 240 poedeiras com 43 semanas de idade, distribuidas em cinco tratamentos com oito repeticoes de seis aves por tratamento. Os tratamentos consistiram da inclusao de FC (0, 5, 10, 15 e 20%) em dietas isoproteicas (16,5% PB) e isocaloricas (2.800 kcal EM/kg). Consumo de racao (g/ave/dia), porcentagem de postura (%), peso do ovo (g), massa de ovo (g/ave/dia), conversao alimentar (kg de racao/kg de ovo) e cor da gema (leque colorimetrico da Roche) foram avaliados. O aumento do nivel de FC na racao de 5 a 20% reduziu o consumo de racao, porem, apenas o nivel de 20% foi significativamente menor que o controle. A producao de ovos e a massa de ovos diminuiram com o aumento do FC, mas esses resultados nao diferiram daqueles obtidos com o nivel zero de inclusao. A cor da gema diminuiu linearmente com a inclusao do FC e apresentou cor menos amarela que a dos ovos do grupo controle. Conclui-se que, em racoes de poedeiras, o FC pode ser incluido em niveis de ate 15%, desde que seja utilizada uma fonte de pigmentos.

Efeito de diferentes métodos de muda forçada sobre o desempenho de poedeiras comerciais

Este experimento foi realizado para comparar o desempenho de poedeiras comerciais apos serem submetidas a diferentes metodos de muda forcada. Noventa e seis poedeiras Hy Line brancas com 85 semanas de idade foram distribuidas em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com quatro tratamentos. Os tratamentos foram: T1 - metodo convencional constituido da retirada do alimento durante os 12 primeiros dias do experimento; T2 - dieta com alto teor de zinco; T3 - dieta com baixa energia fornecida em quantidade limitada (45 g/ave.dia); e T4 - dieta com baixa energia fornecida a vontade. Os dados de producao apos a muda foram registrados durante cinco periodos de 28 dias. A porcentagem de postura (ave/dia) e a conversao alimentar (kg racao/kg ovo) foram melhores para as aves submetidas a muda por intermedio dos metodos convencional (T1), alto teor de Zn (T2) e dieta com baixa energia fornecida a vontade (T4) em relacao as aves submetidas a dieta com baixa energia fornecida em quantidade diaria limitada (T3). O peso do ovo foi mais alto para as aves dos tratamentos convencional (T1) e dieta com baixa energia a vontade (T4) em relacao as aves alimentadas com dietas com alto teor de zinco (T2) ou com baixa energia fornecida em quantidade limitada (T3). Os metodos de muda usados nao influiram no consumo de racao. O uso de dieta com baixa energia, quando fornecida a vontade, e dieta com alto teor de Zn, como metodos para inducao de muda, resultou em desempenho similar ao obtido com o metodo convencional.

Farelo de coco na ração de poedeiras comerciais: digestibilidade dos nutrientes, desempenho e qualidade dos ovos

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of inclusion of coconut meal (CM) in diets on nutrients digestibility, performance and egg characteristics of commercial laying hens. A total of 150 laying hens, with 76 weeks of age was weighed and allotted to a completely randomized design with five treatments and five replicates of six birds in each experimental unit. Five diets were evaluated, one control, without CM and the others with 5, 10, 15, and 20% of CM. Diets were formulated to be isoprotein and isonitrogenous. Amounts of EE, CF and GE increased with inclusion of CM in diets. A quadratic effect was observed for the inclusion levels of CM on digestibility coefficients for DM, N, GE and the values of apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and N corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn) that reached the maximum at 15% of inclusion. Values of AME and AMEn were higher in diets containing 10, 15, and 20% of CM than that for diet without CM. Egg production, egg weight and egg mass were not affected by the inclusion levels of CM. Feed intake decreased and feed conversion improved as CM level increased in diets. Considering the results of dietary digestible energy, it could be recommended that coconut meal inclusion in the laying hen diet should not exceed the level of 15%.

Utilização de complexo enzimático em dietas à base de sorgo-soja para frangos de corte

The trial was conducted to evaluate the performance and morphologic changes of gastrointestinal tract and economic analysis for broilers fed sorghum-soybean meal-based diets, supplemented or not with multienzymatic complex (xilanase, amylase, protease), in the starting (experiment I) and finishing (experiment II) phases. The experiment was analyzed as a randomized block design with a 3 x 2 factorial arrangement [three sorghum levels (0, 50, and 100%) x enzyme level (0 and 100%)]. The experimental unit was a box with 17 birds and eight replicates per treatment. In the experiment I (1 to 21 days), the sorghum-based diets did not affect feed intake, weight gain, and feed conversion. However, the increase of level sorghum decreased gizzard weight and of enzyme increased jejunum and ileum weights. In the experiment II (22 to 42 days), the sorghum-based diets also did not affect broilers feed intake, weight gain, feed:gain ratio, and relative weights of duodenum, jejunum, ileum and caecum. Increasing enzyme levels decreased significantly carcass yield and increased weights pf proventriculus, gizzard and pancreas. Based on the economic analysis, it is suggested the corn replacement with sorghum of 50% for starting and finishing broilers.

Farelo de amêndoa da castanha de caju na alimentação de codornas japonesas na fase de postura

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of inclusion of cashew nut meal (CNM) in diets on nutrient digestibility, bird performance and egg characteristics of Japanese quails. A total of 270 japanese quails with 17 weeks of age were weighed and distributed into a completely randomized design with six diets and nine replicates of five birds in each experimental unit. Treatments consisted of one diet without CNM (control) and five diets containing 4; 8; 12; 16 and 20% of CNM. There was a linear reduction on digestibility coefficient of DM and nitrogen. But, significant difference in relation to control diet was detected only with diet containing 20% of CNM. Values of fat digestibility, gross energy and metabolizable energy of the diets were not affected by the inclusion levels of CNM. Feed intake was not affected by the inclusion of CNM. However egg production, egg weight, egg mass and feed conversion decreased linearly as dietary CNM levels increased in diets. Percentages of albumen and yolk as well as yolk color, showed a quadratic effect as dietary CNM levels increased. Albumen percentage and yolk color increased and yolk percentage decreased as CNM increased up to the level of 9%. Comparing to control diet only treatment with 20% CNM produced lower egg production, egg weight, egg mass, yolk color and bird feed conversion. In conclusion CNM can be included in Japanese quail diets in levels up to 16%.

Alimentação de codornas de postura com rações contendo levedura de cana-de-açúcar

This experiment was carried out to evaluate the effects of diets containing different levels of sugar cane yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on production performance of laying quails. Two hundred and forty birds were distributed in a completely randomized design with six treatments (0, 3, 6, 9, 12 e 15% of sugar cane yeast) and eight replications of five quails. Egg production and egg mass were not affected by treatments. Feed intake and egg weight increased linearly as the level of sugar cane yeast increased in diets, while feed conversion decreased. Percentages of egg albumen and egg yolk were not affected by diets. However a quadratic effect was found for shell percentage and egg yolk color. The sugar cane yeast can be included up to 11% in diets for laying quails.

Níveis de proteína bruta e energia metabolizável na ração para codornas de corte

The effect of different CP (20, 22, 24, and 26% of CP) and ME (2,565, 2,715, 2,865, and 3,015 kcal of ME/kg. ) levels on the performance of meat quails was evaluated. Seven hundred and sixty-eight European quails (Coturnix coturnix coturnix) of both sexes from 1 to 42 days of age were assigned to a completely randomized design with 4 x 4 factorial arrangement (protein x energy) and grouped into three clusters with 16 birds each. No significant interaction among protein-energy and protein levels on feed intake, weight gain, feed:gain ratio and viability was observed. However, increasing the dietary energy level resulted in linear reduction of feed intake and greater weight gain and feed:gain ratio. Feed intake of meat quails depends on the dietary energy level. Diet containing 20% CP and 2,865 kcal ME/kg account for better meat quail performance.

The effect of supplementing layer diets with shark cartilage or chitosan on egg components and yolk lipids.

1. An experiment was designed to evaluate the effects of the addition of shark cartilage (SC) or chitosan (CH) to layer diets on egg component weights, yolk lipids and hen plasma lipids. 2. Hy-Line laying hens (80) were used during a 56 d feeding trial. Treatments were: basal diet (BD), BD + 20 g/kg SC, BD + 30 g/kg SC, BD + 20 g/kg CH and BD + 30 g/kg CH. Eggs were analysed on d 14, 28, 42 and 56. 3. Egg weight and egg component weights were not affected by these treatments throughout the experimental period. 4. After 14 d of experimental feeding, cholesterol levels were higher in eggs from birds given BD + 20 g/kg CH and BD + 30 g/kg CH than in those from birds given BD. 5. Furthermore, eggs from hens given BD + 20 g/kg SC or BD + 20 g/kg CH were higher in palmitic and stearic acids and lower in oleic acid than those from birds fed on BD. After 56 d feeding, however, palmitic and stearic acid contents in eggs from hens given any of the supplemented diets were lower than in those from hens given BD, and oleic acid in eggs from hens given BD + 20 g/kg SC, BD + 30 g/kg SC and BD + 30 g/kg CH was higher than in those from birds fed on BD. 6. Plasma cholesterol and triacylglycerol levels were not significantly affected by dietary treatment. 7. Shark cartilage or chitosan at up to 30 g/kg in layer diets did not affect egg component weights (yolk, white and shell) and total lipid contents. During the period from 42 to 56 d of experimental feeding, diets containing up to 30 g/kg chitosan reduced egg yolk contents of cholesterol, palmitic and stearic acids and increased the content of oleic acid.

Inclusão da levedura de cana-de-açúcar (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) em dietas para frangos de corte

An experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of the inclusion of sugar cane yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), produced in the sugar cane distillery, in broiler chickens diets. Six hundred and seventy two one day old male broiler chicks, AGROSS line, were alloted to a completely randomized design with six treatments and one hundred and twelve birds per treatment, being eight replicates of fourteen birds per treatment. Treatments consisted of six isoproteic (22 and 20% of crude protein for initial and growing periods, respectively) and isocaloric (3000 and 3150 kcal ME/kg for initial and growing periods, respectively) diets. These diets were formulated based on corn, soybean meal and different inclusion levels of yeast of sugar cane (YSC). The treatments were: T1 = Basal Diet (BD); T2 = BD + 1.5% YSC; T3 = BD + 3.0% YSC; T4 = BD + 4.5% YSC; T5 = BD + 6.0% YSC; T6 = BD + 7.5% YSC, resulting in six inclusion levels of YSC. Statistical analysis did not show any significant difference among the treatments for weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion, carcass yield, percentage of abdominal fat and moisture of the litter. According to the results, it can be concluded that it is possible the inclusion of up to 7.5% YSC in broiler diets without affecting their performance.