Jose M. Gutierrez

Strategies for the next generation green ICT infrastructure

Today, the global society is facing serious challenges in improving environmental performance, particularly with global warming, and resource management. Where the information and communication technology (ICT) industry is contributing to the global economy coupling with innovation and development of almost all the aspect of human life, but it also responsible for global CO2 emissions. In this paper, we provide a short survey of the challenges faced today of global warming by C02 emission related to global ICT infrastructure. The paper provides a number of strategies for greening ICT lead by the discussion and overall analysis.

Smart Waste Collection System Based on Location Intelligence

Abstract Cities around the world are on the run to become smarter. Some of these have seen an opportunity on deploying dedicated municipal access networks to support all types of city management and maintenance services requiring a data connection. This paper practically demonstrates how Internet of Things (IoT) integration with data access networks, Geographic Information Systems (GIS), combinatorial optimization, and electronic engineering can contribute to improve cities’ management systems. We present a waste collection solution based on providing intelligence to trashcans, by using an IoT prototype embedded with sensors, which can read, collect, and transmit trash volume data over the Internet. This data put into a spatio-temporal context and processed by graph theory optimization algorithms can be used to dynamically and efficiently manage waste collection strategies. Experiments are carried out to investigate the benefits of such a system, in comparison to a traditional sectorial waste collection approaches, also including economic factors. A realistic scenario is set up by using Open Data from the city of Copenhagen, highlighting the opportunities created by this type of initiatives for third parties to contribute and develop Smart city solutions.

Energy Greedy Protocol Suite for Smart Grid Communication Systems Based on Short Range Devices

In this paper, we present new communication protocol, named energy greedy quasi-flooding protocol. This protocol is independent from a communication media types and is mainly intended for PLC, UHF wireless and even IrDA transmission techniques. Presented solutions can be applied to EMSs based on the inexpensive SRDs, they are also suite for smart grid technologies based on hybrid networks e. g. PLC together with the wireless.

Increasing the cost-constrained availability of WDM networks with degree-3 structured topologies

This paper studies the impact of node degree distribution to availability and capital and deployment expenditure of optical WDM transport networks. Three structured degree-3 graphs with fair node degree distribution are proposed in this context. Using a realistic network optimization framework based on genetic algorithms, we evaluate the performance of structured topologies and compare it against a practical topology (NSFNET). The results manifest that nodal degree fairness leads to increased availability compared to conventional topologies, while not incurring higher capital and deployment cost.

Upper bound performance estimation for copper based broadband access

Around 70% of all broadband connections in the European Union are carried over copper, and the scenario is unlikely to change in the next few years as carriers still believe in the profitability of their copper infrastructure. In this paper we show how to estimate the performance upper bound of copper based access connections at a household level by using Geographical Information System data. This can be combined with different configurations of DSLAMs distributions, in order to calculate the required number of active equipment points to guarantee certain QoS levels. This method can be used to define the limitations of copper based broadband access. A case study in a municipality in Denmark shows how the estimated network dimension to be able to provide video conference services to the majority of the population might be too high to be implemented in reality.

Describing N2R Properties Using Ideal Graphs

N2R structures are a subset of Generalized Petersen Graphs and a potentially good option to be used for implementing degree three networks. The previous works on these structures verify that N2R are better than other degree three regular topologies such as Double Rings or Honeycomb in terms of path distances. The cost of this good performance is a more complex and non-planar interconnection configuration; It is complex to find analytical models to be used, for example for describing topological parameters. This paper proposes and verifies the possibility of approximating real N2R graphs to optimal and ideal graphs, which are much easier to model, obtaining fairly accurate results. A main result of the paper is a simple formula for approximating average distance and diameter given the number of nodes in a N2R graph.

Upgradeability and predictability analysis for mesh topologies in optical distribution networks

The new tendencies for network planning methods are evolving to more mechanized and automated systems that can determine the best way to deploy networks. In the case of fiber optic networks, aspects such as the length of the physical links are critical due to the high cost and high availability requirements of this kind of networks. Regarding the planning of optical networks, FTTH methods are reasonably advanced, but in the case of core or distribution networks there is still room for many improvements. In this paper, two mesh topologies have been studied in order to be deployed as optical networks, Honeycomb and Grid. In order to contribute to the improvement of distribution network design, the benefits of a preventive planning (upgradeability properties) are depicted along the document. In addition, to simplify the process of topology decision, approximations are defined to avoid some costly parameters calculations. For the validity of the results it is important to mention that Genetic algorithms are used in order to decide the interconnection of the networks under study.

Single and Dual physical link failures stability effect on degree three WDM networks

This paper studies the effects of Single and Dual physical link failures to the stability of WDM networks when deployed as regular 3-degree structures. The failure impact on the source-destination pair connections is evaluated for the different topology scenarios. In this way it is possible to provide an overview of the failure effects and their relation to network metrics such as availability or cost. The results quantify how much the different network interconnection designs are affected by Single and Dual Physical link failures. The case study treats a realistic scenario, the interconnection of the NSFNET topology nodes. The main conclusions show that, when networks are designed under the same conditions, there is a linear relation between average downtime and ratio of connections affected by failures. Moreover, the most expensive optimized topologies to deploy provide higher availability.

A survey on environmental backbone design and implementation

Communication networks are becoming more essential for our daily life and critically important for industry and governments. The intense growth in the backbone traffic implies an increment on the power demands of the network equipment. This power usage has a significant negative effect on the environment. In this paper, some ideas are exposed and discussed in order to make backbone communication network more environmentally friendly. In addition the scheme of a potential model is introduced to be able to evaluate the emissions of a network during its life time.

Restoration Mechanism for the N2R Topological Routing Algorithm

The topological routing over N2R structures has been studied and implemented using different techniques. An implemented algorithm achieves good performance and a restoration mechanism has been added to the algorithm to obtain higher reliability. This paper introduces the concept of restoration, when failures occurs, being able to reroute the packets to the destination when the main path is not available. The goal is prove that there is an easy and efficient method for restoration in case of a failure of any element.