José Marcos Froehlich

Êxodo seletivo, masculinização e envelhecimento da população rural na região central do RS

Population configuration has suffered marked changes over the last decade. Currently, the population masculinization and aging are pointed out as characteristic of such reality. Thus, this study aimed to analyze the occurrence and behavior of the masculinization processes and aging of the rural population in different age groups of 27 municipalities in the central region of Rio Grande do Sul. To achieve this purpose, it was used data from the IBGE population Census of 1996 and 2007 related to regional rural population systematized into four bands: 0 to 14 years, 15 to 24, 25 to 59 and 60 or over. Differences between the sexes were submitted to the test for difference between two proportions with 5% probability of error. It was also calculated the percentage difference of the total population and of each sex between 1996 and 2007. The process of rural masculinization consolidates its presence in the Central Region of the RS, with the adult population affected with more intensity. The significant male overlap can be observed in all municipalities, increasing from first to third age. In some municipalities there was an intensification of rural masculinization also among the elderly. It can also be observed, in general, a slowdown in the male predominance among young people. The strong reduction of population aged 0 to 14 years old and the aging population in the period shows a process of aging among the population studied. This population configuration may compromise the succession on farms, interfering in the social and productive rural areas of the Central Region of Brazil.

Privatização dos serviços de extensão rural: uma discussão (des)necessária?

The article analyzes and discusses the privatization of the rural extension services according to international literature. To start with, the subject is set in the horizon of the debate of the so called State Reform, which determined the agenda for the development since the 1980’s. Next, we show how the subject has been treated so far having the economic theory as background and we examine experiments of privatization at international level. The analysis of such experiments reveals that the early agenda for the privatization took for granted that the rural extension services − which were a responsibility of the State − would be held completely by the private sectors. However, a series of obstacles appeared and arguments for models of privatization in which the State has a main role spread over. Therefore, the exam of international experiments of privatization led to the conclusion that they followed different orientations. One set of experiments was oriented by the notion of the “Minimum State” while the other had for reference the State as a supporter for private action. The privatization is a current and relevant process and, therefore, the discussion about it is considered necessary.

Postmodern antinomies on nature.

This article analyzes the intrinsic link between the modern view of science and its underlying idea of nature. After discussing the characteristics of the postmodern positions and summarizing the various conceptions of nature prevalent at different times throughout history, we problematize indicators of incongruity in postmodern images of nature. Our objective, through analysis and conceptual history, is to delineate the points of tensions concerning different notions of nature within postmodern theories. We then suggest that the equivocality of the concept of nature produces multiple paradoxes and antinomies in contemporary thought, many of which emerged within the scope of modernity itself, becoming even more explicit and intense in the current technical and scientific climate.

Masculinização rural: uma abordagem a partir da regionalização por sistemas agrários no Rio Grande do Sul

This study is aimed at analyzing the process of masculinization of the rural population in different agrarian systems of the State Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, and seeks to interpret different circumstances and settings. For this purpose we used census data from the 1950 Demographic Census and the 2007 Population Count, both conducted by IBGE. The data were systematized and subjected to statistical analysis. Scores were calculated for sex ratios of total and rural populations and, in the 2007 Population Count, for sex ratios of four age groups. These indices were grouped by agrarian system (Campanha, Serra do Sudeste, Depressao Central, Litoral Norte, Litoral Sul, Colonias Velhas, Campos de Cima da Serra, Colonias Novas, and Planalto), by applying the Kruskal-Wallis Test. We also calculated the sex ratio of the population of Rio Grande do Sul in 1960, 1970, 1980, 1991, 2000 and 2010. It was found that the process of rural masculinization, which has been gradually growing in the state, shows different behaviors, depending on the region. In general, the cattle grazing regions show the highest levels of masculinity whereas the regions characterized by family farming and intensive production systems show the lowest levels. In 2007, the regions of Depressao Central and Planalto, where mechanized production of soybeans and rice are more common, took on an intermediate position between high levels of masculinity in the cattle-raising regions and low levels in colonies, where family farming is characteristic. The intensity of the process of rural masculinization may be related to characteristics of different agrarian systems, such as the socioeconomic importance of family farming, or even increased intensification of production systems.This study is aimed at analyzing the process of masculinization of the rural population in different agrarian systems of the State Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, and seeks to interpret different circumstances and settings. For this purpose we used census data from the 1950 Demographic Census and the 2007 Population Count, both conducted by IBGE. The data were systematized and subjected to statistical analysis. Scores were calculated for sex ratios of total and rural populations and, in the 2007 Population Count, for sex ratios of four age groups. These indices were grouped by agrarian system (Campanha, Serra do Sudeste, Depressao Central, Litoral Norte, Litoral Sul, Colonias Velhas, Campos de Cima da Serra, Colonias Novas, and Planalto), by applying the Kruskal-Wallis Test. We also calculated the sex ratio of the population of Rio Grande do Sul in 1960, 1970, 1980, 1991, 2000 and 2010. It was found that the process of rural masculinization, which has been gradually growing in the state, shows different behaviors, depending on the region. In general, the cattle grazing regions show the highest levels of masculinity whereas the regions characterized by family farming and intensive production systems show the lowest levels. In 2007, the regions of Depressao Central and Planalto, where mechanized production of soybeans and rice are more common, took on an intermediate position between high levels of masculinity in the cattle-raising regions and low levels in colonies, where family farming is characteristic. The intensity of the process of rural masculinization may be related to characteristics of different agrarian systems, such as the socioeconomic importance of family farming, or even increased intensification of production systems.

Sobre a noção de desenvolvimento baseada na felicidade: considerações críticas

A critica ao desenvolvimentismo tem levado a uma busca por novas atribuicoes de sentido a nocao de desenvolvimento. Recentemente, um conjunto de trabalhos tem associado o desenvolvimento a nocao de felicidade. Neste artigo, empreende-se uma analise de tal associacao a partir da interpretacao freudiana sobre a relacao entre individuo e sociedade, principalmente aquela apresentada na obra classica O mal-estar na civilizacao , de 1930. Assim, o que se apresenta neste trabalho envolve necessariamente (a) uma relativizacao da nocao de felicidade baseada em indicadores; e (b) um contraste entre a nova proposta e o sentido que a nocao de desenvolvimento assume em diferentes abordagens teoricas. Conclui-se que o esforco de reformar os indicadores de desenvolvimento nao apresenta avancos conceituais significativos, senao mecânicos ou matematicos. Ademais, a contribuicao de Freud sobre o trade-off entre psiquismo humano e cultura nao esta contemplada criticamente na discussao dos novos indicadores.

Pós-graduação em Extensão Rural da UFSM: 40 anos e além...!

A formacao e estudos pos-graduados em Extensao Rural surgem no Brasil exatamente quando estava a ocorrer o periodo mais intenso da chamada modernizacao conservadora da agricultura brasileira. A Extensao Rural havia se tornado parte central das politicas de modernizacao, que tiveram grande impulso a partir de 1964, apos a reforma que as articulou fortemente a politica de credito rural subsidiado e abundante da epoca. A concepcao de modernizacao que baseava o discurso do desenvolvimento entao vigente pressupunha a superioridade das pautas e valores colocados pela vida urbano-industrial, sendo necessario, portanto, induzir e promover a mudanca social no vasto e diverso rural brasileiro.

Um estudo sobre os sentidos do trabalho para os agricultores familiares a partir da pluriatividade

Neste artigo trata-se da pluriatividade a partir de um estudo realizado com onze agricultores familiares que conciliam a atividade agricola com a atividade de reciclagem na Cooperativa de Recicladores Orgânicos e Inorgânicos, situada na zona rural do municipio de Santa Cecilia do Sul na regiao nordeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. O objetivo geral do estudo foi analisar o sentido do trabalho para os agricultores familiares pluriativos, tomando em consideracao a vinculacao destes a Cooperativa. A pesquisa se caracterizou como qualitativa do tipo descritiva. Os dados empiricos foram coletados por meio da realizacao de entrevistas semiestruturadas. Os resultados demonstraram que o ambiente social a que se integram os agricultores vem sofrendo transformacoes significativas oferecendo alternativas de trabalho, as quais os agricultores se engajam, redimensionando as condicoes de reproducao social. Verificou-se que a conciliacao do trabalho agricola com outra atividade tem engendrado novos sentidos do trabalho para o agricultor. Estes sentidos extrapolam o aspecto economico, relacionando-se ao âmbito das relacoes familiares, da sociabilidade, dos papeis sociais, da autonomia dos trabalhadores, da funcao social das atividades de trabalho entre outros. Tambem se evidencia pelo pesquisador um sentido negativo da atividade laboral para os sujeitos em funcao da sobrecarga de trabalho.

Rural masculinization: an approach based on the regionalization of agrarian systems in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

This study is aimed at analyzing the process of masculinization of the rural population in different agrarian systems of the State Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, and seeks to interpret different circumstances and settings. For this purpose we used census data from the 1950 Demographic Census and the 2007 Population Count, both conducted by IBGE. The data were systematized and subjected to statistical analysis. Scores were calculated for sex ratios of total and rural populations and, in the 2007 Population Count, for sex ratios of four age groups. These indices were grouped by agrarian system (Campanha, Serra do Sudeste, Depressao Central, Litoral Norte, Litoral Sul, Colonias Velhas, Campos de Cima da Serra, Colonias Novas, and Planalto), by applying the Kruskal-Wallis Test. We also calculated the sex ratio of the population of Rio Grande do Sul in 1960, 1970, 1980, 1991, 2000 and 2010. It was found that the process of rural masculinization, which has been gradually growing in the state, shows different behaviors, depending on the region. In general, the cattle grazing regions show the highest levels of masculinity whereas the regions characterized by family farming and intensive production systems show the lowest levels. In 2007, the regions of Depressao Central and Planalto, where mechanized production of soybeans and rice are more common, took on an intermediate position between high levels of masculinity in the cattle-raising regions and low levels in colonies, where family farming is characteristic. The intensity of the process of rural masculinization may be related to characteristics of different agrarian systems, such as the socioeconomic importance of family farming, or even increased intensification of production systems.This study is aimed at analyzing the process of masculinization of the rural population in different agrarian systems of the State Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, and seeks to interpret different circumstances and settings. For this purpose we used census data from the 1950 Demographic Census and the 2007 Population Count, both conducted by IBGE. The data were systematized and subjected to statistical analysis. Scores were calculated for sex ratios of total and rural populations and, in the 2007 Population Count, for sex ratios of four age groups. These indices were grouped by agrarian system (Campanha, Serra do Sudeste, Depressao Central, Litoral Norte, Litoral Sul, Colonias Velhas, Campos de Cima da Serra, Colonias Novas, and Planalto), by applying the Kruskal-Wallis Test. We also calculated the sex ratio of the population of Rio Grande do Sul in 1960, 1970, 1980, 1991, 2000 and 2010. It was found that the process of rural masculinization, which has been gradually growing in the state, shows different behaviors, depending on the region. In general, the cattle grazing regions show the highest levels of masculinity whereas the regions characterized by family farming and intensive production systems show the lowest levels. In 2007, the regions of Depressao Central and Planalto, where mechanized production of soybeans and rice are more common, took on an intermediate position between high levels of masculinity in the cattle-raising regions and low levels in colonies, where family farming is characteristic. The intensity of the process of rural masculinization may be related to characteristics of different agrarian systems, such as the socioeconomic importance of family farming, or even increased intensification of production systems.

Masculinización rural: un abordaje a partir de la regionalización por sistemas agrarios en Rio Grande do Sul

This study is aimed at analyzing the process of masculinization of the rural population in different agrarian systems of the State Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, and seeks to interpret different circumstances and settings. For this purpose we used census data from the 1950 Demographic Census and the 2007 Population Count, both conducted by IBGE. The data were systematized and subjected to statistical analysis. Scores were calculated for sex ratios of total and rural populations and, in the 2007 Population Count, for sex ratios of four age groups. These indices were grouped by agrarian system (Campanha, Serra do Sudeste, Depressao Central, Litoral Norte, Litoral Sul, Colonias Velhas, Campos de Cima da Serra, Colonias Novas, and Planalto), by applying the Kruskal-Wallis Test. We also calculated the sex ratio of the population of Rio Grande do Sul in 1960, 1970, 1980, 1991, 2000 and 2010. It was found that the process of rural masculinization, which has been gradually growing in the state, shows different behaviors, depending on the region. In general, the cattle grazing regions show the highest levels of masculinity whereas the regions characterized by family farming and intensive production systems show the lowest levels. In 2007, the regions of Depressao Central and Planalto, where mechanized production of soybeans and rice are more common, took on an intermediate position between high levels of masculinity in the cattle-raising regions and low levels in colonies, where family farming is characteristic. The intensity of the process of rural masculinization may be related to characteristics of different agrarian systems, such as the socioeconomic importance of family farming, or even increased intensification of production systems.This study is aimed at analyzing the process of masculinization of the rural population in different agrarian systems of the State Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, and seeks to interpret different circumstances and settings. For this purpose we used census data from the 1950 Demographic Census and the 2007 Population Count, both conducted by IBGE. The data were systematized and subjected to statistical analysis. Scores were calculated for sex ratios of total and rural populations and, in the 2007 Population Count, for sex ratios of four age groups. These indices were grouped by agrarian system (Campanha, Serra do Sudeste, Depressao Central, Litoral Norte, Litoral Sul, Colonias Velhas, Campos de Cima da Serra, Colonias Novas, and Planalto), by applying the Kruskal-Wallis Test. We also calculated the sex ratio of the population of Rio Grande do Sul in 1960, 1970, 1980, 1991, 2000 and 2010. It was found that the process of rural masculinization, which has been gradually growing in the state, shows different behaviors, depending on the region. In general, the cattle grazing regions show the highest levels of masculinity whereas the regions characterized by family farming and intensive production systems show the lowest levels. In 2007, the regions of Depressao Central and Planalto, where mechanized production of soybeans and rice are more common, took on an intermediate position between high levels of masculinity in the cattle-raising regions and low levels in colonies, where family farming is characteristic. The intensity of the process of rural masculinization may be related to characteristics of different agrarian systems, such as the socioeconomic importance of family farming, or even increased intensification of production systems.