José María Cabeza Lainez

The Quest for Light in Indian Architectural Heritage

abstract Due to the effect of impinging solar radiation, high thermal loads can be predicted in buildings in many climates of South-East Asia and thus components devised to protect and ventilate the facades have been known for centuries. Features such as the ‘jalis’ or stone lattice work combined with deep overhangs and elements conceived to reflect excessive sunlight such as ritual ponds or even elaborate water tanks have adorned Indian-style palaces and temples since ancient times. These features have subsequently inspired modern architects like Le Corbusier, Antonin Raymond, Benjamin Polk and Geoffrey Bawa to cite just a few. Climatic control elements were well adapted to the craftsmanship of traditional architecture but their use as industrial products suitable for prefabrication is more controversial. Not only has the climate changed since the origin of Indian architecture, but also the use of glazing has increased in an alarming way and thus the need to protect openings is now even more demanding. In this paper, within the context of Indian civilization, the author will present the simulation of the radiative field generated by different types of solar protection and reflective surfaces, especially ponds and systems of louvres or brise-soleil. By virtue of this process it is intended to extrapolate the procedures used for ancient fabrics to their more modern counterparts found in internationally acclaimed buildings and to obtain useful design insights for future projects.

The Japanese Experience of Environmental Architecture through the Works of Bruno Taut and Antonin Raymond

Abstract Around 1930 the Modern Movement in Architecture was widespread throughout Europe and America. The next and predictable step was the search for regions that were on the whole deprived of a firm sense of civil building procedures. To a certain extent, the tropics were such an area. Their authorities, mostly for want of social organization or techniques, welcomed the import of a new industrial system of construction which seemed efficient and unprejudiced, instead of creating their own ways from fear they might be old–fashioned. However, as modern fabrics had stemmed from temperate conditions the progress of these was hindered by unsuspected features of the tropical climate: monsoons, earthquakes and hot spells. In the present research, the authors hope to contribute to a careful examination of the designs conceived in Japan to overcome this major contradiction of modern architecture and to provide some hints for the future in Asia. This was done by using accepted scientific design methods such as computer simulation, duly tested by virtue of on–site measurements. As eminent illustrations we will discuss the works of Bruno Taut and Antonin Raymond that were subsequently extended to India or Turkey among other countries.

The Key-role of Eladio Dieste, Spain and the Americas in the Evolution from Brickwork to Architectural Form

Abstract In this paper the authors intend to outline the genius of Eladio Dieste, a Uruguayan creator whose architectural expression could be defined as truly modern for America and the world. His leitmotiv was the use of science and technology to solve not only formal but also social problems. Dieste excelled in the search for economic techniques adequate for enhancing creativity and human dignity. His avant-garde solutions are rooted in tradition and thus reflect the true character and untamed force of the Americas. He offered a new basis on which to cement a sustainable architecture of unquestioned prevalence in this nature-blessed continent. The authors are dealing here with something rather unusual in the field of building construction: an almost isolated author capable of introducing technical innovations, which can be both poetical and environmentally friendly. A builder who, confronted with the vast expansions of his native plains, invents a new tradition to put science at the service of people and architecture. The voice of underdeveloped countries is distinctly heard in the soft tones of Eladio Dieste′s architectural works. As his legacy has been somehow neglected, it is our hope with the present discussion on some of Dieste′s design insights to revive his methods and make architects more aware of the real significance of his compassionate and yet unequalled mastery.

Nineteen Thirties Architecture for Tropical Countries: Le Corbusier's Brise-Soleil at the Ministry of Education in Rio de Janeiro

abstract Around 1930 the Modern Movement in Architecture had come of age in Europe. Suddenly, the architects of this movement realized that it had the potential to spread to the rest of the world and sought regions generally deprived of a firm sense of civil building procedures. To a certain extent, the tropics were one such area. Their authorities, mostly for want of social organization or techniques, welcomed the import of new industrial construction methods, seemingly efficient and unprejudiced, instead of inventing their own methods. However as modern materials had originated in temperate areas, their progress was hindered by the oppressiveness of the tropical climate. In this year–long investigation, the authors, through scientific design methods and computer simulation, would like to contribute to a careful examination of the systems conceived to overcome this major fault of modern architecture, and to provide solutions for the future. As the present study encompasses several different cultures, the case of the brise–soleil in South America will be discussed by first focusing on the figures of Le Corbusier and Lucio Costa.

Considerations Concerning Measurements Relating to the Urban Design of the Spanish-American City

Abstract This paper analyzes the measurements regarding the urban elements used by the Spaniards for the foundation and design of the Spanish–American cities created on the American continent over three centuries during the colonial period. The measurements analyzed are from the urban elements of the plaza, streets, and blocks. The study was accomplished based on the following: 1) study of the measurements in the theoretical models and in the reticular main cities of Spanish urbanism until the 16th century, 2) study of the measurements in the Laws of the Indies (1573), and 3) by analysis of the measurements used in the cities created on the American continent, through the study of cartography corresponding to the Colonial Spanish period. In the urban models used during three centuries by the Spaniards on the American continent the use of some particular measurement is evident (besides the common use of urban reticular traces). These measurements have a theoretical and practical base in Spain since the 12th century.

Considerations Concerning French Urban Influence on Spanish Colonial Cities on the Island of Cuba

Abstract This paper analyzes the French urban influence on cities created by Spaniards on the island of Cuba from the 16th to 19th century. Due to its geographical location, the island of Cuba acquired great influence from the American and European continent during the Spanish Colonial period. The study was accomplished through the recompilation of the principal 58 cities created in Cuba during the colonial period, the analysis of their different urban types and the evaluation in several cities of the main characteristic of their French influence. The evolution of the Hispanic-French relationship and the historical events that affected the Caribbean took place on many cities created during the last century of the colonial period. This is evident in the variations in their urban structure and block divisions.

TWO SCHOOLS IN ANDALUCIA. SPAIN

ABSTRACT Two schools are designed for two different mediterranean subclimates in Anda lucia: maritime and continental. Minimum energy consumption, low maintenance, durability, adequate lighting and acoustic control are the pretended features for the buildings. The educational use is considered in its peculiarity; in the daily cicle –without nightime occupancy, and in the yearly cicle without summer use, or a -very reduced one. Winter night heating and summer cooling are minimized. Lighting level is provided during daytime by daylighting.Ventilation in the classrooms is an important feature to provide due to their high occupation -40 persons/57 m 2 .