José P. Pombal

Escalated aggressive behaviour and facultative parental care in the nest building gladiator frog, Hyla faber

Departamento de Zoologia Instituto de Biociencias Universidade Estadual Paulista, Caixa Postal 199, 13506-900 Rio Claro, SP

BREEDING-BEHAVIOR OF THE PUMPKIN TOADLET, BRACHYCEPHALUS-EPHIPPIUM (BRACHYCEPHALIDAE)

Acknowledgments.-We thank K. R. Smith and J. R. Bodie for field assistance. Constructive comments on the manuscript were provided by J. W. Gibbons and J. D. Congdon. Camera monitors were designed by Jim Godwin of the University of Georgias Electronics Design and Maintenance Shop. Research and manuscript preparation were supported by contract DEAC09-76SR00819 between the U.S. Department of Energy and the University of Georgias Savannah River

REDESCRIPTION OF PHYSALAEMUS SPINIGER (ANURA : LEPTODACTYLIDAE) AND DESCRIPTION OF TWO NEW REPRODUCTIVE MODES

-We redescribe Physalaemus spiniger and describe its tadpole and its reproductive modes. This species has the following three alternative reproductive modes: (1) foam nest on pond and feeding tadpoles in pond (the typical mode for the genus Physalaemus); (2) foam nest on humid places on the forest floor near a pond, and feeding tadpoles in pond; (3) foam nest on water accumulated on the axils of terrestrial bromeliads and feeding tadpoles in pond. These last two modes were not included in the reviews of reproductive modes in anurans. The vocalizations of P? spiniger are described and compared with the vocalizations of P nanus, a sibling species. Miranda-Ribeiro (1926) described Engystomops spinigera from Iguape, Sao Paulo State, southeastern Brazil, attributing the specific name to Boulenger because the specimens were so identified in the collection of the Museu Paulista (currently Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo). However, Boulenger never described Engystomops (=Physalaemus) spinigera and accordingly the short account by MirandaRibeiro (1926) serves as the original description. The specific name Engystomops spinigera was apparently forgotten and ignored by subsequent authors (e.g., Cochran, 1955; Bokermann, 1966a; Lynch, 1970; Frost, 1985; Heyer and Wolf, 1989; Duellman, 1993). Lynch (1970) recognized four species groups in the genus Physalaemus: P biligonigerus group, P cuvieri group, P pustulosus group, and P signifer group; P deimaticus and P rupestris are not presently allocated to any species group (Sazima and Caramaschi, 1986; Caramaschi et al., 1991). Ten species are presently allocated to the Physalaemus signifer group (Pom3Present Address: Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista, 13506-900 Rio Claro, Sao Paulo, Brasil, E-mail: haddad@life.ibrc.unesp.br i i (1926) described Engystoa o Iguape, Sao Paulo State, azil, attributing the specific l er because the specimens were bal and Madureira, 1997): P bokermanni Cardoso and Haddad, P caete Pombal and Madureira, P crombiei Heyer and Wolf, P maculiventris (A. Lutz), P moreirae (Miranda-Ribeiro), P nanus (Boulenger), P obtectus Bokermann, P olfersii (Lichtenstein and Martens), P signifer (Girard), and P spiniger (Miranda-Ribeiro). In recent years we collected and observed specimens of P spiniger at several localities in southern and southeastern Brazil. Herein, we redescribe this species and its tadpole. The vocalizations are described and compared with the vocalizations of P nanus, a sibling species. Also, we provide information on reproduction, including two new reproductive modes for anurans. MATERIALS AND METHODS Specimens used in the description or examined for comparisons are deposited in AL-MN (Adolpho Lutz collection, deposited in Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil), CFBH (Celio F B. Haddad collection, deposited in Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro, SP, Brasil), MNRJ (Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil), MZUSP (Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brasil), WCAB (Werner C.A. Bokl and Madureira, 1997): P bokermanni Cardoso 557 This content downloaded from 207.46.13.117 on Sun, 23 Oct 2016 04:38:55 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms C. F. B. HADDAD AND J. P. POMBAL, JR. FIG. 1. Physalaemus spiniger, an adult male in life from Ilha do Cardoso, Canan6ia, SP, Brazil. ermann collection, deposited in Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil), ZUEC (Museu de Hist6ria Natural, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brasil). Additional specimens examined are listed in Appendix 1. Abbreviations used in the measurements of the adults are SVL (snout-vent length), HL (head length), HW (head width), ED (eye diameter), THL (thigh length), TBL (tibia length), and FL (foot length). All measurements are expressed in millimeters. The measurements of the adults follow Duellman (1970) and Cei (1980). Measured adult specimens were fixed in 10% formalin and maintained in 70% ethyl alcohol. Eggs and tadpoles were fixed and maintained in 5% formalin. For measurements we used an ocular micrometer in a Zeiss stereomicroscope, except that SVL was measured with calipers. Drawings of the adult and tadpole were made using a Zeiss stereomicroscope with a drawing tube. Vocalizations were recorded using a Nagra E tape recorder with a Sennheiser ME 80 microphone at a tape speed of 19 cm/s. The sonagrams were produced by a Macintosh computer coupled to the MacRecorded Sound System 2.0.5, using 8 bit resolution, 22 kHz sampling frequency, and FFT with 256 points. RESULTS Diagnosis and Comparison with other Species.A species belonging to the Physalaemus signifer group (sensu Lynch, 1970), characterized by (1) small size (males 17.1-21.3 mm SVL, females 20.6-22.0 mm SVL); (2) canthus rostralis distinct; (3) dorsal skin texture smooth to rugose; (4) belly orange in life; (5) structure of the advertisement call. Physalaemus spiniger is distinguished from P caete, P moreirae, P obtectus, and P olfersii by its smaller size (combined SVL of males ranging 22.5-34.5 mm; Bokermann, 1966b; Heyer, 1985; Heyer and Wolf, 1989; Heyer et al., 1990; Pombal and Madureira, 1997). By its larger size and distinct advertisement call, P spiniger differs from P bokermanni (P bokermanni males with 15.3-17.0 mm SVL; see Cardoso and Haddad, 1985). Physalaemus spiniger differs from P signifer by smoother dorsal skin (more rugose in P signifer), larger black spot on the inguinal glands, and smaller mean length (P signifer males with SVL = 20.1-22.4, x = 21.7, SD = 0.7, N = 20). Physalae us spiniger differs from P crombiei by the orange belly (pinkish in P crombiei; Heyer and Wolf, 1989) and distinct advertisement call (see below and Heyer and Wolf, 1989). Physalaemus spiniger differs from P maculiventris by wider 558

A New Species of Brachycephalid (Anura) from the Atlantic Rain Forest of Brazil

A new species of the genus Brachycephalus is described from the State of Parana, Southern Brazil. The new species is characterized by black coloration on the flanks, orange dorsum, and absence of dermal ossification dorsal to the vertebrae. We suggest that the reduction of number of phalanges in hands and feet is related to the distinctive walking behavior in the genus Brachycephalus.

TWO NEW SPECIES OF TORRENT FROG OF THE GENUS HYLODES (ANURA, HYLODIDAE) WITH NUPTIAL THUMB TUBERCLES

We analyzed variation among Hylodes with nuptial tubercles using morphometrics, vocalization, and external morphology. We identified three species: Hylodes phyllodes from the Serra do Mar, State of São Paulo, and southern portion of the State of Rio de Janeiro; a new species from Ilha Grande, municipality of Angra dos Reis; and a new species from the Serra dos Órgãos, municipality of Guapimirim. The new species are both from the state of Rio de Janeiro, southeastern Brazil.

Frogs of the genus Paratelmatobius (Anura: Leptodactylidae) with descriptions of two new species

Two new species of Paratelmatobius are described from the Atlantic Forest of Sio Paulo State, southeastern Brazil. The vocalization, tadpole, and natural history of one new species are described. Natural history observations of P poecilogaster are reported, including the description of a specialized reproductive mode. Diagnoses, measurements, figures, color in life, and distributional data for the species of Paratelmatobius are provided. Duas novas especies de Paratelmatobius sio descritas da Mata Atlintica do Estado de Sio Paulo, Sudeste do Brasil. As vocalizaV6es, o girino e a hist6ria natural de uma das especies novas sio descritos. SAio apresentadas observaS6es sobre a hist6ria natural de P poecilogaster, incluindo a descriV.io de um modo reprodutivo especializado. SAo apresentadas diagnoses, medidas, figuras, coloraAgo em vida e dados de distribuiv.io para as especies de Paratelmatobius.

A New Species of Hylodes (Anura: Hylodidae) from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest

Abstract We describe a new species of Torrent Frog, genus Hylodes, from southern and southeastern Brazil. The new species is assigned to the Hylodes nasus species group and is characterized by large size, robust body, distinctly granular dorsolateral surfaces, absence of light dorsolateral stripes, moderate-sized fringe on the outer margin of toe V, and distinct advertisement call with long note duration. The new species is morphologically similar to Hylodes asper but is readily separated from that species by its distinct vocalization and by the shorter fringe on the outer side of toe V. Description of advertisement call and behavioral notes are provided.

New species of Hylodes from the Atlantic forest of Brazil (Amphibia: Leptodactylidae)

Departamento de Zoologia Instituto de Biociencias Universidade Estadual Paulista, C. P. 199, 13506-900 Rio Claro, SaO Paulo

FOAM NESTING IN A HYLID FROG (AMPHIBIA, ANURA)

ur. 22(3):696-699. RUDOLPH, D. C. 1978. Aspects of the ecology of five plethodontid salamanders of the western Ozarks. Amer. Midi. Natur. 100(1):141-159. SOKAL, R. R., AND F. J. ROHLF. 1981. Biometry, 2nd ed. W. H. Freeman, New York. 859 pp. SWEET, S. S. 1982. A distributional analysis of epigean populations of Eurycea neotenes in central Texas, with comments on the origin of troglobitic populations. Herpetologica 38(3):430-444. TAYLOR, B. E., R. A. ESTES, J. H. K. PECHMANN, AND R. D. SEMLITSCH. 1988. Trophic relations in a temporary pond: larval salamanders and their microinvertebrate prey. Can. J. Zool. 66(10):21912198.

Taxonomic Revision of the Scinax alter Species Complex (Anura: Hylidae)

Scinax alter, a taxon belonging to the S. ruber clade, has been previously suggested to represent a species complex. We analyzed variation among populations of Scinax alter using advertisement calls, dorsal color pattern, and external morphology. We identified three diagnosable groups distributed throughout the Atlantic Forest of eastern Brazil, which differ mainly in the advertisement call, dorsal drawing pattern, snout–vent length, and presence of tubercles on tarsus. Scinax alter was restricted to populations from south of Bahia State to Rio de Janeiro State, and two new species were related to the southern populations: Scinax imbegue, from Parque das Nascentes, Municipality of Blumenau (27°03′S, 49°05′W, 412 m a.s.l.), Santa Catarina State, Brazil, and Scinax tymbamirim, from Córrego Grande (27°35′S, 48°31′W, at sea level), Municipality of Florianópolis, Santa Catarina State, Brazil.