José Valmir Feitosa

Processamento da cana-de-açúcar: efeitos sobre a digestibilidade, o consumo e a taxa de passagem

Four crossbred bovines (Zebu x Holstein) fed in nature, hydrolyzed, hydrolyzed sugar cane hay and silage as roughage sources constituting 70% of the diets were used to study the effect of alkali treatment of sugar cane (1.5% of NaOH at 50%) on dietary total digestibility and dry matter intake and rate of passage of sugar canes. The fiber was the most influenced fraction by the alkali treatment and increased at least by 45% of digestibility. The increases of 25.0 and 16.7% on intake of hydrolyzed- (1.5% BW) and hydrolyzed sugar cane hay-based diets (1.4% BW) were probably influenced by the higher fiber digestibility. The estimated values of ruminal and cecco-colon rate of passage and retention time in each treatment did not differ among in nature, hydrolyzed and hydrolyzed sugar cane hay-based diet, whereas the lowest rates (1.5 and 7.4%/h) and highest retention time (71.4 hours) were observed for the hydrolyzed silage. It was concluded that alkali treatment with sodium hydroxide, with or without sugar cane hay, increased fiber digestion of hydrolyzed sugar cane in total tract and increased intake, without effect on passage rate. However, post ensilage of hydrolyzed sugar cane could not show effects.

Degradação de silagens de capim-elefante contendo subproduto do urucum

Resumo - Objetivou-se avaliar a degradacao in situ da materia seca, proteina bruta e fibra em detergente neutro de silagens de capim-elefante contendo cinco niveis (0; 4; 8; 12 e 16%, com base na materia natural da massa ensilada) de inclusao do subproduto do grao do urucum (SGU). O delineamento utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado em parcelas subdivididas, sendo os niveis de adicao as parcelas e os tempos de incubacao as subparcelas, com quatro repeticoes. Para a confeccao da silagem, foi utilizado capim-elefante cortado aos 70 dias de crescimento e misturado ao subproduto, armazenado em 20 tambores. As amostras foram pre-secas, moidas em moinho, com peneira de 5 mm, colocado 3 g de amostra em sacos de nailon, para incubacao no rumen por 0; 6; 48 e 96 horas em 2 ovinos sem padrao racial definido, machos e castrados. Observou-se um aumento no desaparecimento da MS ate o nivel 13,37% de adicao de SGU a ensilagem de capim-elefante para 48 horas de incubacao. Para a FDN o desapareciment o com 96 horas de incubacao aumentou ate 16% de adicao. Para o conjunto de parâmetros de degradacao estudado, observou-se que o nivel de inclusao de 16% do SGU apresentou maiores valores para a degradabilidade potencial e efetiva das variaveis em questao. A inclusao do subproduto do grao do urucum a ensilagem de capim-elefante resulta em silagens com maior degradabilidade potencial e efetiva. Palavras-chave - Bixa orellana L. Degradabilidade. Ensilagem. Ovinos. Pennisetum purpureum Schum.

Quantificação das Bactérias Sólido-Aderidas, Bactérias e Protozoários Líquido-Associados do Rúmen de Bovinos Jovens Alimentados com Amiréia

ABSTRACTS - It were utilized four crossbreed, castrated, rumen cannuladed bovines, receiving dietary starea (containing 30% ofurea) in the concentrate and corn silage, with the objective of quantify the liquid-associated bacteria and protozoa, solid-associatedbacteria and related them with the ruminal pH. Three samples from ruminal content were harvested at 1 a.m., 2 a.m. and 30 min a nd 11a.m. and 30 min after feeding. The microbial mass was quantified and qualified in the different fractions of solid-associated b acteria (SAB),liquid-associated bacteria (LAB) and liquid-associated protozoa (LAP) and their nitrogen contents (N), dry matter (DM) and orga nicmatter (OM) were determined. The microbial population presented increasing contribution of SAB with the time, what did not occu rwith LAB and LAP. The level of OM in DM from the SAB increased as well, until 2 a.m. and 30 min when remains unaffected until11 a.m. and 30 min. The nitrogen levels of the SAB expressed in the organic matter decreased in equal or superior time of harve st at2 a.m. and 30 min, although the N level in the dry matter did not present this difference. The relations between bacteria:proto zoa wereequal to 1: 2.1 at 1 hour, 2.6: 1 at 2h and 30 min and 2.2: 1 at 11h and 30 min after the feeding. It was still observed after feeding prevalenceof protozoa and bacteria, both associated to the ruminal liquid. The total amounts and the ruminal microbial pool were not infl uencedby pH, probably because it always maintained itself above 6.39.Key Words: dry matter, organic matter, nitrogen, ruminal microorganisms

Chemical Composition and Allelopathyc Activity of Essential Oil of Lippia sidoides Cham

La alelopatia es un proceso mediante el cual productos metabolicos secundarios, tales como terpenos fenoles, producidos por una planta en particular interfieren significativamente, y de manera antagonica, en el desarrollo de otras especies vegetales. Nuestros objetivos fueron caracterizar quimicamente el aceite esencial de Lippia sidoides Cham., cultivada en la region de Cariri Ceara, y evaluar el efecto alelopatico del aceite aplicado en pre-siembra en la germinacion de lechuga (Lactuca sativa L.), rucula (Eruca sativa Mill.), y col rizada (Brassica oleracea L.). El principal constituyente del aceite esencial fue el monoterpeno timol (84,90%). Los experimentos fueron conducidos en bloques completos al azar en esquema factorial 4 x 3 con cuatro combinaciones de aceites esenciales aplicados en tres especies diferentes en pre-siembra. Se analizaron las siguientes variables: indice de velocidad de emergencia (EVI), porcentaje de germinacion y el tiempo medio de germinacion (MTG), los recuentos se llevaron a cabo todos los dias hasta el decimocuarto dia despues de la siembra. A traves de analisis cualitativos realizados por cromatografia de gases acoplada a espectrometria de masas (GC/ ME) fueron identificados componentes quimicos que representan 97,82% del aceite esencial de L. sidoides, siendo constituyente mas concentrado timol (84,90%). Se comprobaron efectos alelopaticos negativos en lechuga, debido a que esta mostro un bajo EVI y un alto MTG.

Avaliação da capacidade de infiltração de solos submetidos a diferentes tipos de manejo

Inadequate vegetation and soil management leads to physical changes that affect aquifer recharge. The Araripe Plateau feeds an elevated number of springs on its northern slope; however, there are indications that their yield is decreasing. Through this research, it was studied the infiltration capacity of soils under different types of management. Soil samples from 21 sites were grouped into four groups. Group 1 represents areas of preserved vegetation, the others, anthropized ones. It was observed that soil moisture and infiltration capacity are linearly well correlated with organic matter; mean soil moisture during the dry season was significantly higher for Group 1 than for the other groups, even during the rainy season and anthropized areas show low organic matter contents, soil moisture, and infiltration capacity, indicating modifications in the soils structure that reduce aquifer recharge.

Composição químico-bromatológica, digestibilidade e degradação in situ da dieta de ovinos em capim-tanzânia sob três frequências de desfolhação

Objetivou-se avaliar a composicao quimico-bromatologica, a digestibilidade e a degradacao in situ da materia seca da dieta consumida por ovinos em pastagem de Panicum maximum cv. tanzânia sob tres frequencias de desfolhacao, determinadas pela interceptacao da radiacao fotossinteticamente ativa (IRFA) de 85, 95 e 97% no 1o e 4o dias de pastejo. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com arranjo fatorial 3 × 2 (tres frequencias de desfolhacao e dois dias de pastejo), com quatro repeticoes (piquetes) por tratamento. Para determinacao da composicao quimico-bromatologica e da digestibilidade e ensaio de cinetica de degradacao da materia seca da dieta, foi realizada uma simulacao de pastejo no 1o e 4o dias de ocupacao. A diminuicao da frequencia de desfolhacao piorou a composicao quimico-bromatologica, a digestibilidade e a degradacao do capim-tanzânia. Recomenda-se frequencia de desfolhacao no capim-tanzânia menor ou igual a 95% de interceptacao da radiacao fotossinteticamente ativa visando a manutencao da qualidade do pasto.

MODIFICAÇÕES NAS PROPRIEDADES DOS SOLOS DE UMA ÁREA DE MANEJO FLORESTAL NA CHAPADA DO ARARIPE

The Araripe Plateau in the tropic semi-arid region is characterized by great environmental diversity. The Araripe National Forest and several forest management units (FMU) are located in this area with mostly red-yellow Oxisols. The goal of this study was to identify a basic indicator that could represent a set of physical, chemical and biological properties of soils of the Plateau. Multivariate analysis was used to indicate changes in soil properties of a FMU. Soil samples were analyzed in triplicate (0-20 cm layer), from 15 points of the FMU and four points of the National Forest. Nine soil properties were selected to characterize differences between preserved and exploited sites, including those in recovery phases. The results show that two principal components account for approximately 76 % of the variance of the data: the first indicator of biological, chemical and physical soil quality and the second indicator of soil compaction. Multivariate cluster analysis of the first principal component group showed the formation of three sub-groups: the National Forest sub-group and two sub-groups of the FMU in different recovery stages. The Tukey test (5 % significance) applied to the grouping of organic matter content of soils agreed with results from multivariate cluster analysis. This indicates that this organic matter can be used as main indicator of changes in soil properties for the study area.

Effect of irrigation water salinity and cutting age on the components of biomass of Echinochloa pyramidalis

The objective was to evaluate the effect of salinity of irrigation water and different cutting ages on the biomass components of Echinochloa pyramidalis. Seedlings were planted in plastic pots (volume of 8 L) with sandy-textured Quartzarenic Neosol, under greenhouse conditions. The design was completely randomized in split plots with salinity levels (0.75, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0 and 8.0 dS m-1) in the main plot, and cutting ages (21, 28, 35, 42 and 49 days) in the subplots, with five replicates. After the standardization cut, the dry masses of total forage, dead forage, live forage, green leaf blade, green stem and ratios of live material/dead material and leaf/stem were determined. There was no interaction between the factors studied. Salinity decreased the dry masses of total forage, green leaf blade and green stem. Salinity had no effect on the dry masses of dead forage or ratios of live material/dead material and leaf/stem. Salinity changed the partitioning of dry matter, reducing the percentage of stems, and increasing the percentage of leaves in the dry mass of total forage. The advance in the cutting age caused increases in the dry masses of total forage, dead forage, live forage, green stem and green leaf blade. From the cutting age of 28 days, dead forage dry mass had a very sharp increase. The increase in stem dry mass rose from the 35th day. The extension of the cutting age promoted a decline in the live material/dead material and leaf/stem ratios. The cut of Echinochloa pyramidalis at 21 days, when it presents the best leaf/stem ratio is recommended.

Particularities of Bovine Artificial Insemination

In beef production systems a good reproductive performance is essential for the efficient management and production. The production of cattle can be divided into two sectors: dairy and meat production. In many European countries and developing countries, even the cattle is used as a source of meat and milk and are called dual fitness. Unlike in countries such as Australia, Brazil and the United States, the functions of production of meat and milk were separated and the creation of selective breeding is directed to a single feature. The productive and reproductive performance of cattle herd is directly related to the service period, calving interval, number of service per conception and number of calves weaned. Artificial insemination (AI) has been proven worldwide and has proven to be a viable technical and economical to increase the genetic gain and increase efficiency, especially in production systems for meat and milk. In cattle, AI despite presenting a series of known proven advantages, gradually being replaced by fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI) because of lack of skilled labor, logistical problems in large AI programs, in failures detection of estrus; costs for implementing the program, no optimization of herd reproductive efficiency, and the difficulty of practical application in field conditions. In this chapter discuss techniques to improve conception rates using artificial insemination, such as: improved detection of estrus, a reduction in calving interval, implementation of FTAI; calving and breeding seasons, care with the semen, body condition score of females, the female gynecological evaluation, diagnosis of pregnancy, parturition rate. After the reading of these topics, many barriers bovine artificial insemination will be elucidated, and the artificial insemination technique is best applied in various conditions of management of cattle herds worldwide.

Degradabilidade Ruminal In Situ de Silagens de Capim-Elefante com Adição de Subproduto da Manga

Avaliou-se a degradacao in situ da MS, PB e FDN de silagens de capim-elefante contendo cinco niveis de inclusao do subproduto da manga-SM (0; 4; 8; 12 e 16%, com base na materia natural da massa ensilada). O delineamento adotado foi o inteiramente casualizado em parcelas subdivididas, sendo os niveis de adicao as parcelas e os tempos de incubacao as subparcelas, com quatro repeticoes. Para confeccao das silagens, foi utilizado capim-elefante cortado aos 70 dias e adicionado ao subproduto, armazenado em 20 tambores plasticos (silos experimentais) com capacidade para 210 litros. As amostras de cada silo foram pre-secas, moidas em moinho com peneira de 5,0 mm, sendo usados 3,0 g de amostra em cada saco de nailon, para incubacao no rumen por 6, 48 e 96 h em dois ovinos machos castrados, sem padrao racial de fi nido (SPRD). Os sacos correspondentes ao tempo 0 hora foram lavados em agua corrente. Nos tempos de incubacao 48 e 96 h, veri fi cou-se aumento no desaparecimento da MS e da PB quando da adicao de ate 12% de SM a silagem de capim-elefante. Para a FDN o desaparecimento nao diferiu com a inclusao de SM nos tempos 0, 6 e 48 h. Para o conjunto de parâmetros de degradacao avaliados, observou-se que o nivel de inclusao 12% do SM apresentou maiores valores para a degradabilidade potencial e efetiva da MS, PB e FDN. A adicao do subproduto da manga a silagem de capim-elefante aumenta a degradabilidade das silagens, sendo recomendado incluir 12% ou mais deste subproduto.