Joseph A. McKinney

The Effects of Gender and Career Stage on Ethical Judgment

This article reports the findings of a survey examining if there are gender and career stage differences between male and female practitioners regarding ethical judgment. The results show that, on average, females adopted a more strict ethical stance than their male counterparts on 7 out of 19 vignettes. Males on the other hand, demonstrated a more ethical stance than their female counterparts on 2 out of 19 vignettes. The results furthermore indicate there is a significant difference in ethical judgment across career stages. Overall, it appears that practitioners in later career stages display higher ethical judgment than practitoners in lower career stages. Implications are provided for both practitioners and academicians.

Ethical attitudes of students and business professionals: A study of moral reasoning

A questionnaire on business ethics was administered to business professionals and to upper-class business ethics students. On eight of the seventeen situations involving ethical dilemmas in business, students were significantly more willing to engage in questionable behavior than were their professional counterparts. Apparently, many students were willing to do whatever was necessary to further their own interests, with little or no regard for fundamental moral principles. Many students and professionals functioned within Lawrence Kohlbergs stage four of moral reasoning, the “law and order” stage. Individualism and egoism remain strong patterns in the moral reasoning of many professionals, but they influence moral reasoning patterns among students to a much greater degree.

The ethical issue of international bribery: A study of attitudes among U.S. business professionals

Restrictions upon international bribery by U.S. business firms, as incorporated in the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, have been controversial since this legislation was passed in 1977. Despite many attempts to repeal or change the law, it remains as originally enacted.This article reports on a survey of U.S. business professionals concerning international bribery. Response to our survey reveals a divided business community in terms of their opinions on the ethics of international payments prohibited by the present law.In addition to a lack of consensus about the morality of payments, the survey also reveals a diversity in the viewpoints of respondents. Moralism, pragmatism, cultural relativism, and legalism are four distinct underlying assumptions apparent in the attitudes of U.S. business professionals on the issue of questionable international payments.

Economic integration in the Americas

Section 1: Introduction Supachai Panitchpakdi Section 2: New Trade Strategies in the Americas. The Past 20 years of Trade Policy: What Have We Learned so far and What are the Lessons for Latin America? Michael Hart. New Trade Strategies in the Americas Sherry Stephenson. The FTAA-WTO Divide: The Political Economy of Low Ambition Mario A. Marconini. Trade Liberalization as a Moral Imperative Richard Fisher Section 3: Regional and Sub-regional Agreements in the Western Hemisphere. NAFTA Regionalism in North America: NAFTA and the Mexican Case Victor Lopez Villafane and Mariana Rangel Padilla. CACM Central America in a Free Trade Area for the Americas Alberto Trejos. MERCOSUR MERCOSUR and US: No Finishing Date Felipe Frydman. Caribbean: The Caribbean Community - Integration among Small States Anneke Jessen. Other Trends in Latin American Integration: An Overview Osvaldo Rosales, Jose E. Duran Lima, Sebastian Saez Section 4: Results of North American and Hemispheric Trade Negotiations. Does the FTAA Have a Future? Jeffrey Schott. Competing for the US Import Market: NAFTA and Non-NAFTA Countries Jorge Chami Batista. Beyond FTAs: Deepening North American Integration Wendy Dobson Section 5: Interaction of Regional and Global Trade Agreements. Interactions of Regional and Global Trade Agreements Sylvia Ostry. Interactions between Regional and Global Trade Agreements Gary Hufbauer. Cleaning up the Spaghetti Bowl John Curtis. Isolation, Intervention, and Exchange Rights: Principles in Trade Theory Earl Grinols Section 6: Afterword Joseph McKinney, H. Stephen Gardner

The World Trade Regime: Past Successes and Future Challenges

Fifty years ago, in July 1944, representatives of twenty-three nations met in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, to draw up a blueprint for institutions of multilateral co-operation for the post-World War II era. The institutions established in 1947 as a result of the Bretton Woods Conference, the International Monetary Fund and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (the IBRD or the World Bank), have played a central role in the postwar international economy. International trade issues were not a part of the discussion at Bretton Woods, although participants at that conference did mention the need for a multilateral institution to deal with trade regulation. Memories of widespread beggar-thy-neighbour protectionism during the 1930s were fresh in the minds of policy-makers at this time, and there was a strong desire for multilateral co-operation in international trade policy. Both the Atlantic Charter of 1941 and the Mutual Aid Agreement between the United States and the United Kingdom in 1942 had stated a desire for non-discrimination in international trade and an interest in reducing trade barriers. The United Kingdom, the United States, and Canada had held discussions during 1943 and 1944 on what the character of the postwar world trading system should be. Then, in December 1945, the United States proposed the establishment of the International Trade Organization as a specialized agency of the United Nations to oversee the functioning of the international

The impact of tariff liberalization between the United States and Mexico: an empirical analysis

A computable general equilibrium (CGE) model of the US is constructed in order to simulate the impact of tariff liberalization between the United State and Mexico following the implementation of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). We find that although this agreement will have a minimal effect on the US economy as a whole, certain sectors and regions may experience substantial gain and losses. Overall, however, the treaty should increase economic welfare and enhance economic growth.

Is the Japanese marketing system changing? An empirical study

This paper compare the findings of a survey of US firms operating in Japan in the seventies with the findings of a similar survey which was conducted in the nineties. Experiences of these firms with distributing their products, direct marketing, Japanese consumer preferences, and other aspects of marketing, are analyzed. Responses of firms selling consumer products are compared to those of firms selling only industrial products. Findings from this study will provide insights to both business executives as well as researchers.

Licensing: A Tri-State Survey

Although usually regarded as a feature of big business, licensing now appears to be of wide interest to small business as well. The dollar potential of that interest suggests that greater attention to this fascinating aspect of marketing would not be amiss.

The changing global economy: roles of the United States and the European Union in the evolving context

The United States and the countries comprising the European Union have dominated the global economy during the past seventy years. However, momentous change is underway. China will soon be the largest economy in the world, and other countries of the developing world are rapidly increasing in economic importance. Meanwhile, the European Union is experiencing slow growth and the United States is struggling with serious economic problems. This paper considers how the transatlantic economic relationship is likely to be affected by these circumstances, and how the US and the EU can best work together to facilitate smooth transitions in the global economy.

Trade Developments in the Western Hemisphere: Implications for Transatlantic Relations

The transatlantic relationship is affected in important ways not only by issues of direct and immediate concern to the major parties, but also by regional developments that have an indirect bearing on the relationship. This article focuses on recent developments within the Western Hemisphere, specifically those relating to international trade and regional economic integration, and ways in which they may affect transatlantic relations.