Josephine M. Ward

THE ONTOGENY OF THE VASCULAR CAMBIUM IN THE STEM OF SEED PLANTS

1. A striking characteristic of the vascular cambium is its plasticity. It may arise in any position in any tissue except the epidermis. It may function in a variety of ways, giving rise to xylem or phloem alone, or to both tissues. If both xylem and phloem are formed from the same cambium, they may be derived from opposite faces of the meristem or be combined as bundles or be mixed less regularly. One cambium may be succeeded by another and the method of functioning of successive cambia may vary. A number of these possibilities may be combined in one plant either simultaneously or at different stages of growth.

Phylogenetic implications of trans-specific chloroplast DNA sequence polymorphism in New Zealand Gnaphalieae (Asteraceae)

Abstract.The New Zealand endemic species of Gnaphalieae (Asteraceae) present a bewildering array of morphological forms recalcitrant to phylogenetic analysis using molecular or traditional characters. The chloroplast psbA-trnH intergenic spacer is highly variable in this group, with substitutions distinguishing 18 cpDNA haplotypes distributed among samples of Raoulia species and those of related genera. A subset of haplotypes was combined with sequences of the more slowly evolving trnL intron and trnL-trnF intergenic spacer region and subjected to median network and parsimony analyses. Although a number of chloroplast lineages were resolved, these do not correspond with taxonomic units, nor with groups supported by analysis of morphological characters, nor with groups indicated by nuclear rDNA ITS sequences. These data, considered in the context of morphological character state distribution in the group, suggest a complex set of interrelationships among extant species and genera as currently circumscribed. General implications for phylogeny reconstruction are discussed.

Use of ISSR profiles and ITS-sequences to study the biogeography of alpine cushion plants in the genus Raoulia (Asteraceae)

AbstractNuclear ITS sequences and ISSR profiles provide evidence that Raoulia rubra is endemic to the Tararua Range in the southern part of the North Island of New Zealand. Populations in the South Island previously ascribed to R. rubra are better ascribed to R. eximia. Our findings suggest that glaciation of the central mountains of the South Island during the last ice age have had a major impact on the evolution of the South Island cushion Raoulia species in New Zealand. However, simple hypotheses accounting for the effect of Pleistocene climate change are insufficient to explain patterns of endemism in the group.

Systematics of New Zealand Inuleae (Compositae-Asteraceae)—2 A numerical phenetic study of Raoulia in relation to allied genera

Abstract Seventy-nine individuals representing all species of Raoulia, Ewartia, and Leucogenes, and selected species of Anaphalis, Cassinia, Gnaphalium, Helichrysum, Mniodes, and Pseudognaphalium, ...

Phylogeny and biogeography of Craspedia (Asteraceae: Gnaphalieae) based on ITS, ETS and psbA-trnH sequence data

A phylogenetic analysis based on a combined dataset of three genes, nuclear 18S rDNA and plastid rbcL and atpB, indicates that the enigmatic Neotropical genus Metteniusa is a member of the lamiid (euasterid I) clade. The genus appears as an isolated taxon near, but perhaps not related exclusively to, Oncothecaceae, which supports its recognition as a separate family.

Systematics of New Zealand Inuleae (Compositae-Asteraceae)—3 Numerical phenetic analysis of leaf anatomy and flavonoids

Abstract Forty-five species of Inuleae (Compositae), predominantly from New Zealand and Tasmania, were subjected to numerical phenetic analysis using 49 leaf anatomy and 38 leaf flavonoid characters. Results indicate that on the basis of overall similarity in this suite of characters: (1) Leucogenes is a good genus; (2) an undescribed taxon of Inuleae is a distinct monotypic genus; (3) New Zealand species currently placed in Anaphalis, Cassinia, and Ewartia are generically distinct but are referred to the wrong genera; (4) similarity between species of Ewartia and Gnaphalium indicates that the boundary between these genera needs to be reassessed; (5) both Helichrysum and Raoulia are heterogeneous and need revision; (6) in New Zealand, Pseudognaphalium is distinct from other gnaphalioid genera.

Contributions to a chromosome atlas of the New Zealand flora—32 Raoulia (Inuleae-Compositae (Asteraceae))

Abstract Documented somatic chromosome numbers are provided for 28 taxa in Raoulia. Somatic chromosome numbers for 15 putative hybrid combinations are also documented. Ploidy levels range from 2n = 2x 2 = 28 to 2n = 8x 2 = 112.

Transfer of Cassinia leptophylla (Compositae) to Ozothamnus

Abstract The sole New Zealand species attributed to Cassinia, C. leptophylla, is shown to have its closest relatives within Ozothamnus rather than Cassinia. Cassinia leptophylla is therefore transferred to Ozothamnus.

Genetic diversity in the New Zealand endemic species Helichrysum lanceolatum (Asteraceae: Gnaphalieae)

Abstract Helichrysum lanceolatum is a widespread and variable New Zealand species that has been regarded as a species complex. A survey of genetic variation in Helichrysum lanceolatum using AFLP, nrDNA ITS sequence, and cpDNA psbA‐trnH sequences is presented. No evidence to support segregate taxa at any rank was found. Geographic structure in genetic diversity is weak and consistent with a model of increasing genetic isolation with distance.

Systematics of New Zealand Inuleae (Compositae-Asteraceae)—1 A numerical phenetic study of the species of Raoulia

Abstract One hundred and seventeen individuals representing all known taxa of Raoulia were scored for 84 morphological characters. Numerical phenetic analysis showed that, on the basis of overall morphological similarity, boundaries of presently accepted species are clear-cut except between R. mammillaris and R. bryoides. Three undescribed taxa warrant specific status, and the Volcanic Plateau populations of R. australis are specifically distinct from those of the South Island. Of the six varieties currently recognised, R. hookeri vars. apicinigra and albosericea should be restored to, and R. hectorii var. mollis should probably be raised to, the rank of species. R. hookeri var. laxa is part of an unresolved species complex and should be retained pending further study. Neither var. pusilla nor var. dimorpha of R. tenuicaulis should be recognised. The three main subdivisions of the genus are Raoulia subg. Raoulia, Raoulia subg. Psychrophyton, and R. cinerea. Subg. Mistura and the sections of Raoulia should...