Judith E. Winston

Dispersal in Marine Organisms without a Pelagic Larval Phase

In contrast to marine organisms whose offspring go through an extended planktonic stage, the young of others develop directly into benthic juveniles or into yolky nonfeeding larvae that spend only a few hours in the plankton before settling. Yet, paradoxically, many such species have geographic distributions that are comparable to those with a pelagic dispersal stage. This article reviews some of the ways in which these organisms can expand their distributions: drifting, rafting, hitchhiking, creeping, and hopping. Drifting applies to species in which larvae may be short-lived, but adults can detach or be detached from their benthic substratum and be passively carried to new areas, floating at the waters surface or below it. Many encrusting species and mobile species can spread by rafting, settling on natural or artificial floating substrata which are propelled by wind and currents to new regions. Hitchhiking applies to those attaching to vessels or being carried in ballast water of ships to a distant region in which their offspring can survive. Other marine species extend their distributions by hopping from one island of hard substratum or favorable sedimentary microhabitat to another, while creeping species extend their distributions along shores or shelves where habitats remain similar for long distances.

Cradoscrupocellaria , a new bryozoan genus for Scrupocellaria bertholletii (Audouin) and related species (Cheilostomata, Candidae): taxonomy, biodiversity and distribution

A new genus, Cradoscrupocellaria n. gen., is erected for Scrupocellaria bertholletii (Audouin, 1826), reported as widespread in tropical and subtropical waters. Here we select a neotype of this species in order to establish its identity and distinguish it from morphologically similar species. We include redescriptions and figures of additional species now assigned to this new genus: Cradoscrupocellaria curacaoensis (Fransen, 1986) n. comb., Cradoscrupocellaria hirsuta (Jullien & Calvet, 1903) n. comb., and Cradoscrupocellaria macrorhyncha (Gautier, 1962) n. comb. Five additional species are as-signed to the genus: Cradoscrupocellaria ellisi (Vieira & Spencer Jones, 2012) n. comb., Cradoscrupocellaria nanshaensis (Liu, 1991) n. comb., Cradoscrupocellaria reptans (Linnaeus, 1758) n. comb., Cradoscrupocellaria serrata (Waters, 1909) n. comb., and Cradoscrupocellaria tenuirostris (Osburn, 1950) n. comb. Eighteen new species are described: Cra-doscrupocellaria aegyptiana n. sp., Cradoscrupocellaria arisaigensis n. sp., Cradoscrupocellaria atlantica n. sp., Cradoscrupocellaria calypso n. sp., Cradoscrupocellaria floridana n. sp., Cradoscrupocellaria galapagensis n. sp., Cradoscrupocellaria gautieri n. sp., Cradoscrupocellaria gorgonensis n. sp., Cradoscrupocellaria hastingsae n. sp., Cradoscrupocellaria insularis n. sp., Cradoscrupocellaria jamaicensis n. sp., Cradoscrupocellaria lagaaiji n. sp., Cradoscrupocellaria macrorhynchoides n. sp., Cradoscrupocellaria makua n. sp., Cradoscrupocellaria marcusorum n. sp., Cradoscrupocellaria normani n. sp., Cradoscrupocellaria odonoghuei n. sp., and Cradoscrupocellaria osburni n. sp.

Bryozoa collected by the United States Antarctic Research Program: new taxa and new records

Thirty-two species of cheilostomate Bryozoa are described and illustrated from 26 stations sampled by the United States Antarctic Research Program, including 29 new species and two new genera. A further new genus is introduced for two species formerly attributed to Osthimosia Jullien, 1888. One station was located in the Ross Sea and three in the cold temperate South Pacific; 14 stations were sampled in the region of the Scotia Arc, south of the Antarctic Convergence, and eight from the subantarctic southwest Atlantic, mostly in the vicinity of Tierra del Fuego. Nine new species were present in the Antarctic samples, whereas those from the southwest Atlantic yielded 18 new species and the two new genera. Three of the new subantarctic species are attributed to genera formerly considered to be Antarctic endemics, while the two newly assigned species of Osthimosia are presently known only from Antarctic localities.

Nine New Species of Bugula Oken (Bryozoa: Cheilostomata) in Brazilian Shallow Waters

Background Bugula is a speciose genus of marine bryozoans, represented by both endemic and cosmopolitan species distributed in tropical and temperate waters and important to marine biologists because of the occurrence of many species in harbor and fouling communities, therefore as potential invaders. The southeastern Brazilian coast in the southern Atlantic hosts the highest known diversity of the genus, a status intimately associated with the intensity of collecting efforts. Methodology Morphological data based on the examination of living specimens, scanning electron and light microscopic images, and morphometric analyses were used to assess the diversity of Bugula along the coastal areas of southern, northeastern, and southeastern Brazil. In this study, morphological species boundaries were based mainly on avicularian characters. For two morphologically very similar species, boundaries are partially supported by 16 S rDNA molecular data. Results Nine species are newly described from Brazil, as follows: Bugula bowiei n. sp. ( = Bugula turrita sensu Marcus, 1937) from the southern, northeastern, and southeastern coasts; Bugula foliolata n. sp. ( = Bugula flabellata sensu Marcus, 1938), Bugula guara n. sp., Bugula biota n. sp. and Bugula ingens n. sp from the southeastern coast; Bugula gnoma n. sp. and Bugula alba n. sp. from the northeastern coast; Bugula rochae n. sp. ( = Bugula uniserialis sensu Marcus, 1937) from the southern coast; and Bugula migottoi n. sp., from the southeastern and southern coasts. Conclusion The results contribute to the morphological characterization and the knowledge of the species richness of the genus in the southwestern Atlantic (i.e., Brazil), through the description of new species in poorly sampled areas and also on the southeastern coast of that country. Additionally, the taxonomic status of the Brazilian specimens attributed to B. flabellata, B. turrita and B. uniserialis are clarified by detailed studies on zooidal and avicularia morphology.

Scott's collections help reveal accelerating marine life growth in Antarctica

Summary Scott remains famous for coming second to Amundsen in the race for the South Pole and the fatalities on the journey back to base, but scientific effort on his expedition was never sacrificed and set many invaluable physical and biological baselines. Amongst these were collections of benthos, such as the bryozoan Cellarinella nutti , which records environmental information in tree-ring-like growth check lines. We measured the growth of C. nutti in the Ross Sea from museum and new collections and find no trend from 1890–1970 but a rapid increase from the 1990s to present. This reflects coincident increases in regional phytoplankton production. Thus, it is the first evidence that greater surface productivity is being sequestered to the seabed and thus of increasing polar carbon sinks.

Evidence for polyphyly of the genus Scrupocellaria (Bryozoa: Candidae) based on a phylogenetic analysis of morphological characters.

The bryozoan genus Scrupocellaria comprises about 80 species in the family Candidae. We propose a hypothesis for the phylogenetic relationships among species assigned to Scrupocellaria to serve as framework for a phylogenetic classification using 35 morphological characters. Our results suggest that the genus Scrupocellaria is polyphyletic. Scrupocellaria s. str. is redefined according to four morphological features: vibracular chamber with a curved setal groove, ooecium with a single ectooecial fenestra, two axillary vibracula, and a membranous operculum with a distinct distal rim. Thus, the genus includes only 11 species: Scrupocellaria aegeensis, Scrupocellaria delilii, Scrupocellaria harmeri, Scrupocellaria incurvata, Scrupocellaria inermis, Scrupocellaria intermedia, Scrupocellaria jullieni, Scrupocellaria minuta, Scrupocellaria puelcha, Scrupocellaria scrupea, and Scrupocellaria scruposa. The monophyly of Cradoscrupocellaria is supported and five new genera are erected: Aquiloniella n. gen., Aspiscellaria n. gen., Paralicornia n. gen., Pomocellaria n. gen. and Scrupocaberea n. gen. Two other new genera, Bathycellaria n. gen. and Sinocellaria n. gen., are erected to accommodate two poorly known species, Scrupocellaria profundis Osburn and Scrupocellaria uniseriata Liu, respectively. Scrupocellaria congesta is tentatively assigned to Tricellaria. Fifteen species are reassigned to Licornia: Licornia cookie n. comb., Licornia micheli n. comb., Licornia milneri n. comb., Licornia curvata n. comb., Licornia diegensis n. comb., Licornia drachi n. comb., Licornia mexicana n. comb., Licornia pugnax n. comb., Licornia raigadensis n. comb., Licornia regularis n. comb., Licornia resseri n. comb., Licornia securifera n. comb., Licornia spinigera n. comb., Licornia tridentata n. comb., and Licornia wasinensis n. comb. Notoplites americanus n. name is proposed as a replacement name for Scrupocellaria clausa Canu & Bassler. Three fossil species are reassigned to Canda: Canda rathbuni n. comb., Canda triangulata n. comb. and Canda williardi n. comb. A species is reassigned to Notoplites, Notoplites elegantissima n. comb. The generic assignment of eleven species of Scrupocellaria, including Scrupocellaria macandrei, remains uncertain.

Scientific Results of the Hassler Expedition. Bryozoa. No. 2. Brazil

Abstract An unidentified collection of bryozoans made by L. F. Pourtalès and L. Agassiz during the Hassler Expedition (1871–1872) was recently discovered in the teaching collection of the Invertebrate Paleontology Department at the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University. Bryozoan samples found included stations from Barbados to Brazil and around the coast of South America to La Jolla, California. The first and most successful deepwater collecting of bryozoans was done early in the expedition at two stations (146 m and 183 m) off Barbados, on December 29 and 30, 1871. Thirty-one taxa of bryozoans were collected at the Barbados stations: five cyclostomes and 26 cheilostomes, including one new genus. None of the cyclostomes was reproductive, so taxa could not be identified to species level. Of the 26 cheilostomes, 16 represent new species: Caberea hassleri, Cellaria louisorum, Exochella tropica, Smittoidea reginae, Parasmittina barbadensis, Parkermavella salebrosa, Hippoporina rutelliformis, Metroperiella agassizi, Stylopoma haywardi, Barbadiopsis trepida, Gemelliporina hastata, Buffonellaria ensifera, Cigclisula gemmea, Rhynchozoon sexaspinatum, Stephanollona propinqua, and Reteporellina directa. All species found are described and illustrated with scanning electron microscope photographs. Bryozoans of the Hassler Expedition are now incorporated into the collections of the Department of Marine Invertebrates of the Museum of Comparative Zoology.

New species of cheilostomate Bryozoa collected by the US Antarctic Research Program

Four new species of cheilostomate Bryozoa are described in the genera Chartella, Ogivalia, Melicerita and Cellarinella. The circumArctic genus Chartella is recorded for the first time from the subAntarctic. Alloeoflustra gen. nov. is introduced for three endemic Antarctic Flustridae.

Scientific Results of theHasslerExpedition. Bryozoa. No. 2. Brazil

Abstract Fifty species of bryozoans from three Brazilian stations dredged by L. Agassiz and L. F. Pourtalès during the Hassler Expedition (1871–1872) are described and illustrated here. The U.S.S. Hassler was built in New Jersey for use by the U.S. Coast Survey off the west coast of North America. Benjamin Peirce, then superintendent of the Survey, invited L. Agassiz to form a scientific party to collect specimens and make scientific observations during the course of repositioning the Hassler from Boston to San Francisco. The bryozoan samples were discovered in the Invertebrate Paleontology collection at the Museum of Comparative Zoology and are now incorporated into the collections of the Department of Marine Invertebrates of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University. The first paper on the collection, consisting of the bryozoan material from Barbados, was published in 2009 (Winston and Woollacott 2009). Taxonomic results from the Brazilian segment of the expedition include 24 new cheilostome species, Antropora hastata, Retevirgula multipunctata, Parellisina lunatirostris, Discoporella salvadorensis, Canda alsia, Micropora angustiscapulis, Floridina proterva, Labioporella tuberculata, Cellaria brasiliensis, Puellina octospinosa, Trypostega tropicalis, Poricella frigorosa, Exochella frigidula, Metrarabdotos jani, Parasmittina simpulata, Parasmittina loxoides, Stylopoma rotundum, Stylopoma carioca, Fenestrulina constellata, Buffonellaria variavicularis, Turbicellepora brasiliensis, Fodinella atlantica, Plesiocleidochasma foliosum, and Cigclisula tuberculata; one new combination; and three new cyclostome species, Plagioecia bugei, Nevianopora arcuata, and Disporella brasiliana. Two new families, Marcusadoreidae and Vitrimurellidae, and one new genus, Vitrimurella, are also described. The bryozoan material comes from three of the Brazilian locations where the Hassler Expedition dredged. Eleven species were collected from a station north of Salvador, Bahia state, in 15–17 fathoms (fms) (27.4–31 m). The other two stations were both off Cabo Frio, Rio de Janeiro state. Eleven species were found in the dredge haul from 35 fms (56.7 m), while 32 species occurred in the second haul from 35–45 fms (56.7–82 m). Species from the Bahia station have more tropical affinities; those collected from off Cabo Frio are subtropical–temperate. There was no overlap between the stations from the two regions. Most striking is the fact that 142 years after the collections were made, and on the basis of this very limited material, more than half the species found were new to science, or were species that had previously been misidentified, so needed new names and descriptions: Canda alsia, Labioporella tuberculata, Metrarabdotos jani, Nevianipora arcuata, Parasmittina loxoides, Parasmittina simpulata, and Plagioecia bugei.