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Featured researches published by Julia Inthorn.


BMC Medical Ethics | 2014

Research across the disciplines: a road map for quality criteria in empirical ethics research

Marcel Mertz; Julia Inthorn; Günter Renz; Lillian Geza Rothenberger; Sabine Salloch; Jan Schildmann; Sabine Wöhlke; Silke Schicktanz

BackgroundResearch in the field of Empirical Ethics (EE) uses a broad variety of empirical methodologies, such as surveys, interviews and observation, developed in disciplines such as sociology, anthropology, and psychology. Whereas these empirical disciplines see themselves as purely descriptive, EE also aims at normative reflection. Currently there is literature about the quality of empirical research in ethics, but little or no reflection on specific methodological aspects that must be considered when conducting interdisciplinary empirical ethics. Furthermore, poor methodology in an EE study results in misleading ethical analyses, evaluations or recommendations. This not only deprives the study of scientific and social value, but also risks ethical misjudgement.DiscussionWhile empirical and normative-ethical research projects have quality criteria in their own right, we focus on the specific quality criteria for EE research. We develop a tentative list of quality criteria – a “road map” – tailored to interdisciplinary research in EE, to guide assessments of research quality. These quality criteria fall into the categories of primary research question, theoretical framework and methods, relevance, interdisciplinary research practice and research ethics and scientific ethos.SummaryEE research is an important and innovative development in bioethics. However, a lack of standards has led to concerns about and even rejection of EE by various scholars. Our suggested orientation list of criteria, presented in the form of reflective questions, cannot be considered definitive, but serves as a tool to provoke systematic reflection during the planning and composition of an EE research study. These criteria need to be tested in different EE research settings and further refined.


BMC Medical Ethics | 2014

Impact of gender and professional education on attitudes towards financial incentives for organ donation: results of a survey among 755 students of medicine and economics in Germany

Julia Inthorn; Sabine Wöhlke; Fabian Schmidt; Silke Schicktanz

BackgroundThere is an ongoing expert debate with regard to financial incentives in order to increase organ supply. However, there is a lacuna of empirical studies on whether citizens would actually support financial incentives for organ donation.MethodsBetween October 2008 and February 2009 a quantitative survey was conducted among German students of medicine and economics to gain insights into their point of view regarding living and deceased organ donation and different forms of commercialization (n = 755).ResultsThe average (passive) willingness to donate is 63.5% among medical students and 50.0% among students of economics (p = 0.001), while only 24.1% of the respondents were actually holding an organ donor card. 11.3% of students of economics had signed a donor card, however, the number is significantly higher among students of medicine (31.9%, p < 0.001). Women held donor cards significantly more often (28.6%) than men (19.4%, p = 0.004). The majority of students were against direct payments as incentives for deceased and living donations. Nevertheless, 37.5% of the respondents support the idea that the funeral expenses of deceased organ donors should be covered. Women voted significantly less often for the coverage of expenses than men (women 31.6%, men 44.0%, p = 0.003). The number of those in favor of allowing to sell one’s organs for money (living organ donation) was highest among students of economics (p = 0.034).ConclusionDespite a generally positive view on organ donation the respondents refuse to consent to commercialization, but are in favor of removing disincentives or are in favor of indirect models of reward.


Medicine Health Care and Philosophy | 2015

“What the patient wants…”: Lay attitudes towards end-of-life decisions in Germany and Israel

Julia Inthorn; Silke Schicktanz; Nitzan Rimon-Zarfaty; Aviad E. Raz

National legislation, as well as arguments of experts, in Germany and Israel represent opposite regulatory approaches and positions in bioethical debates concerning end-of-life care. This study analyzes how these positions are mirrored in the attitudes of laypeople and influenced by the religious views and personal experiences of those affected. We qualitatively analyzed eight focus groups in Germany and Israel in which laypeople (religious, secular, affected, and non-affected) were asked to discuss similar scenarios involving the withholding or withdrawing of treatment, physician-assisted suicide, and euthanasia. In both countries, respect for patient autonomy and patients’ wishes to die with dignity found broad consent. Laypeople argued in favor of accepting such wishes when they were put down in an advance directive. Laypeople in non-religious groups in both countries argued on the basis of a respect for autonomy for the possibility of euthanasia in severe cases but, at the same time, cautioned against its possible misuse. National contrast was apparent in the moral reasoning of lay respondents concerning the distinction between withholding and withdrawing treatment. The modern religious laypeople in Israel, especially, argued strongly, on the basis of the halakhic tradition, against allowing the withdrawal of treatment in accord with a patient’s wish. We conclude by discussing the emergent notion of shared responsibility and views of professional responsibility, which we connect through relevant cultural themes such as religion and national culture.


Archive | 2009

Spiritualität, Religion und Kultur am Krankenbett

Ulrich H. J. Körtner; Sigrid Müller; Maria Kletečka-Pulker; Julia Inthorn

Die Kulturgeschichte von Krankheit und Gesundheit ist vor allem Religionsgeschichte. Erst die moderne Medizin hat zur Trennung von Medizin und Religion gef hrt. Neuerdings beginnt sich die Medizin wieder f r die religi se Dimension zu interessieren. Die Autoren entwickeln Perspektiven f r eine interkulturelle Medizin- und Pflegeethik und f r die interreligi se Zusammenarbeit in der Seelsorge. Dabei kommt die Patientensicht ebenso zur Sprache wie die Bedeutung von Religion und Spiritualit t f r die unterschiedlichen Akteure am Krankenbett.


Archive | 2016

The Role of Body Concepts for Donation Willingness. Insights from a Survey with German Medical and Economics Students

Sabine Wöhlke; Julia Inthorn; Silke Schicktanz

The current debate on organ donation focuses mainly on the question of how to motivate more people to donate or to overcome the laziness of not filling out an organ donor card. The German law, for example, follows the classical information deficit paradigm by assuming that more information about the possibility for organ donation (e.g., now issued regularly by the social health care insurance agencies) will lead to more organ donors as it conceptualizes public skepticism towards a particular technology to be based mainly on ignorance.


Archive | 2015

Dementia Care and Families: Care Decisions and Emotions in Popular Magazines

Sanna Inthorn; Julia Inthorn

This chapter reflects on the role of contemporary magazines in the marginalisation of people with dementia and family carers. Dementia is one of the most pressing issues of public health, yet public understanding of dementia remains low, resulting in the social and economic marginalisation of people with dementia, their families and carers (World Health Organization, 2012). Media studies scholars have started to explore the contribution of the media to shaping public understanding of the condition and those who live with it. In this emerging field we find work on news media (e.g. Clarke, 2006; Kirkman, 2006; Kessler and Schwender, 2012), art-house cinema, and biopics (e.g. Cohen-Shalev and Marcus, 2012; Wearing, 2013). We contribute to this body of work with a qualitative analysis of popular magazines published in Britain and aimed at predominantly older readers. Our specific interest is in the representation of care relationships in the context of the family. The role of magazines in shaping public understandings of dementia has not been explored, despite there being a number of studies which highlight their contribution to public understandings of health, such as representations of the healthy body (e.g. Carlisle and Klos, 2014), medical symptoms, treatment options and recovery (e.g. Clarke, 1999; Bonner and McKay, 2000; McKay and Bonner, 2004; Cranshaw, 2007).


Journal of Risk Research | 2018

Genetic risk information

Julia Inthorn

Risk information and communication of health risks play a large role in medicine. With the growing importance of genetics and genomics in medicine, the importance of risk communication will even increase in the future. This paper starts with a discussion on the concept of medical risk information and then focusses on genetic risk information. Three examples of genetic risk information are discussed (carrier testing, susceptibility testing and pharmacogenomics testing) in order to exemplify the broad variety of types of risk information and their specific challenges for medical counselling.


Archive | 2015

Having the Final Say: Machine Support of Ethical Decisions of Doctors

Julia Inthorn; Marco Elio Tabacchi; Rudolf Seising

Machines that support highly complex decisions of doctors have been a reality for almost half a century. In the 1950s, computer-supported medical diagnostic systems started with “punched cards in a shoe box”. In the 1960s and 1970s medicine was, to a certain extent, transformed into a quantitative science by intensive interdisciplinary research collaborations of experts from medicine, mathematics and electrical engineering; This was followed by a second shift in research on machine support of medical decisions from numerical probabilistic to knowledge based approaches. Solutions of the later form came to be known as (medical) expert systems, knowledge based systems research or Artificial Intelligence in Medicine. With growing complexity of machines physician patient interaction can be supported in various ways. This includes not only diagnosis and therapy options but could also include ethical problems like end-of-life decisions. Here questions of shared responsibility need to be answered: should machine or human have the last say? This chapter explores the question of shared responsibility mainly in ethical decision making in medicine. After addressing the historical development of decision support systems in medicine the demands of users on such systems are analyzed. Then the special structure of ethical dilemmas is explored. Finally, this chapter discusses the question how decision support systems can be used in ethical dilemma situations in medicine and how this translates into shared responsibility.


Journal of Public Health | 2015

“Not the years in themselves count”: the role of age for European citizens’ moral attitudes towards resource allocation in modern biomedicine

Mark Schweda; Sabine Wöhlke; Julia Inthorn

AimAgainst the backdrop of controversial bioethical and public health debates on the role of age in decisions on healthcare allocation, we examine the perspectives of European lay persons on ethical implications of age and aging for medicine and health care.Subject and methodsThe study uses a qualitative approach based on the content analysis of 29 focus group discussions (235 participants) held in 4 European countries (Austria, Germany, the Netherlands, and Sweden) between 2005 and 2012.ResultsWhile lay persons unanimously reject chronological age as a criterion for resource allocation, they acknowledge that age can be an important factor in ethical decision-making processes in many different ways. In the discussions, they articulate biographical concepts and viewpoints (such as age roles, ideas of the course and prime of life, responsibilities between generations), framing questions of resource allocation with regard to a teleological perspective of a good life.ConclusionParticipants introduce a biographical outlook on medical decision making while at the same time articulating different conceptions of aging and the life course. Public health ethics needs to find ways to incorporate this plurality of temporal perspectives on the good life.


Archive | 2013

Medical Ethics, Fuzzy Logic and Shared Decision Making

Julia Inthorn

Medical practice is often viewed as a series of complex decisions bringing together normative aspects as well as factual knowledge. Sadegh-Zadeh’s reconstruction of medicine as a deontic discipline is taken as a starting point for an analysis of shared decision making processes in medicine. The focus lies on shared responsibility within patient-physician-interaction from an ethical point of view. It is argued that shared decision making processes need a good basis in facts and information provided to the patient on the one hand side, where fuzzy logic might help. On the other hand the normative dimension of decisions cannot be reduced but relies on personal interaction and processes of deliberation. The involvement of the patient in a decision making process can be seen as an aim in itself and should be structured along the individual needs of the patient.

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Sabine Wöhlke

University of Göttingen

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Sanna Inthorn

University of East Anglia

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Fabian Schmidt

University of Göttingen

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Marcel Mertz

Hannover Medical School

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Mark Schweda

University of Göttingen

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