Juliana Feliciano de Almeida

Evolução dos homicídios e indicadores de segurança pública no Município de São Paulo entre 1996 a 2008: um estudo ecológico de séries temporais

The scope of this paper was to analyze the association between homicides and public security indicators in Sao Paulo between 1996 and 2008, after monitoring the unemployment rate and the proportion of youths in the population. A time-series ecological study for 1996 and 2008 was conducted with Sao Paulo as the unit of analysis. Dependent variable: number of deaths by homicide per year. Main independent variables: arrest-incarceration rate, access to firearms, police activity. Data analysis was conducted using Stata.IC 10.0 software. Simple and multivariate negative binomial regression models were created. Deaths by homicide and arrest-incarceration, as well as police activity were significantly associated in simple regression analysis. Access to firearms was not significantly associated to the reduction in the number of deaths by homicide (p>0,05). After adjustment, the associations with both the public security indicators were not significant. In Sao Paulo the role of public security indicators are less important as explanatory factors for a reduction in homicide rates, after adjustment for unemployment rate and a reduction in the proportion of youths. The results reinforce the importance of socioeconomic and demographic factors for a change in the public security scenario in Sao Paulo .

Fall in homicides in the city of São Paulo: an exploratory analysis of possible determinants

Throughout the first decade of the 2000s the homicide mortality rate (HMR) showed a significant reduction in the state and the city of São Paulo (MSP). The aim of this study is to describe the trend of HMR, socio-demographic indicators, and the investment in social and public security, and to analyze the correlation between HMR and independent variables in the MSP between 1996 and 2008. An exploratory time series ecological study was conducted. The following variables were included: HMR per 100,000 inhabitants, socio-demographic indicators, and investments in social and public security. The moving-averages for all variables were calculated and trends were analyzed through Simple Linear Regression models. Annual percentage changes, the average annual change and periodic percentage changes were calculated for all variables, and the associations between annual percentage changes were tested by Spearmans correlation analysis. Correlations were found for the proportion of youth in the population (r = 0.69), unemployment rate (r = 0.60), State budget for education and culture (r = 0.87) and health and sanitation (r = 0.56), municipal (r = 0.68) and State (r = 0.53) budget for Public Security, firearms seized (r = 0.69) and the incarceration rate (r = 0.71). The results allow us to support the hypothesis that demographic changes, acceleration of the economy, in particular the fall in unemployment, investment in social policies and changes in public security policies act synergistically to reduce HMR in São Paulo. Complex models of analysis, incorporating the joint action of different potential explanatory variables, should be developed.

Graves violações de direitos humanos e desigualdade no município de São Paulo

OBJETIVO: Analisar o perfil de graves violacoes de direitos humanos e sua associacao com aspectos socioeconomicos e demograficos. METODOS: Estudo ecologico, de corte transversal, tendo como unidade de analise os 96 distritos censitarios do municipio de Sao Paulo (SP) para o ano de 2000. Foi utilizado o banco de dados sobre graves violacoes de direitos humanos, do Nucleo de Estudos da Violencia da Universidade de Sao Paulo, que contem informacoes sobre todos os casos de execucoes sumarias, linchamento e violencia policial noticiados na imprensa escrita. Dados socioeconomicos e demograficos foram obtidos do Censo 2000 da Fundacao Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatistica. Foi testada a associacao entre a variavel dependente - graves violacoes de direitos humanos (composta pelo numero de vitimas de violencia policial, linchamentos e execucoes sumarias) - e variaveis socioeconomicas e demograficas por meio do teste de correlacao de Spearman. RESULTADOS: As correlacoes entre as violacoes de direitos e os indicadores socioeconomicos e demograficos foram estatisticamente significantes, exceto em relacao a taxa de urbanizacao e relacao de leito hospitalar por 1000 habitantes. As correlacoes mais fortes foram encontradas entre graves violacoes de direitos e tamanho populacao residente (r=0,693), proporcao de jovens de 15 a 24 anos na populacao (r=0,621) e proporcao de chefes de familia sem instrucao ou com ate tres anos de escolaridade (r=0,590). CONCLUSOES: Graves violacoes de direitos humanos atingem mais incisivamente a populacao que apresenta piores condicoes de vida. Desse modo, perpetua-se um quadro em que a desigualdade na efetivacao dos direitos sociais e economicos se sobrepoe diretamente a violacao dos direitos civis, intensificando um ciclo de violencia.OBJECTIVE To analyze the profile of gross human rights violations, and the relationship between these violations and socioeconomic and demographic indicators. METHODS Cross-sectional ecological study of 96 census districts of the city of São Paulo (Southeastern Brazil) in the year 2000. The data used came from the gross human rights violations database maintained by the Núcleo de Estudos de Violência (Center for the Study of Violence) at the Universidade de São Paulo. This database contains information on all the cases of summary executions, lynching and police violence reported on the written press. Socioeconomic and demographic data were obtained from the 2000 Census carried out by the Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics). A descriptive analysis of the data was carried out, and the association between the dependent variable - gross human rights violations (number of police violence victims, lynching episodes and summary executions) -, and different socioeconomic and demographic variables was tested. In order to test this association the Spearmans correlation test was used. RESULTS The correlations between gross human rights violations and the socioeconomic and demographic indicators were statistically significant, except for the urbanization rate and the hospital beds per 1000 inhabitants. The strongest correlations were found between the dependent variable and the following variables: size of the resident population (r=0,693), proportion of youths aged from 15 to 24 years (r=0,621), and proportion of household heads with no education or with up to three years of schooling (r=0,590). CONCLUSIONS Gross human rights violations more markedly occur in the population with the worst living conditions. Therefore, in a scenario in which inequality in attaining social and economic rights is directly superposed to the violation of civil rights, the violence cycle is intensified and perpetuated.

Gross violation of human rights and inequality in city of São Paulo, Southeastern Brazil

OBJETIVO: Analisar o perfil de graves violacoes de direitos humanos e sua associacao com aspectos socioeconomicos e demograficos. METODOS: Estudo ecologico, de corte transversal, tendo como unidade de analise os 96 distritos censitarios do municipio de Sao Paulo (SP) para o ano de 2000. Foi utilizado o banco de dados sobre graves violacoes de direitos humanos, do Nucleo de Estudos da Violencia da Universidade de Sao Paulo, que contem informacoes sobre todos os casos de execucoes sumarias, linchamento e violencia policial noticiados na imprensa escrita. Dados socioeconomicos e demograficos foram obtidos do Censo 2000 da Fundacao Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatistica. Foi testada a associacao entre a variavel dependente - graves violacoes de direitos humanos (composta pelo numero de vitimas de violencia policial, linchamentos e execucoes sumarias) - e variaveis socioeconomicas e demograficas por meio do teste de correlacao de Spearman. RESULTADOS: As correlacoes entre as violacoes de direitos e os indicadores socioeconomicos e demograficos foram estatisticamente significantes, exceto em relacao a taxa de urbanizacao e relacao de leito hospitalar por 1000 habitantes. As correlacoes mais fortes foram encontradas entre graves violacoes de direitos e tamanho populacao residente (r=0,693), proporcao de jovens de 15 a 24 anos na populacao (r=0,621) e proporcao de chefes de familia sem instrucao ou com ate tres anos de escolaridade (r=0,590). CONCLUSOES: Graves violacoes de direitos humanos atingem mais incisivamente a populacao que apresenta piores condicoes de vida. Desse modo, perpetua-se um quadro em que a desigualdade na efetivacao dos direitos sociais e economicos se sobrepoe diretamente a violacao dos direitos civis, intensificando um ciclo de violencia.OBJECTIVE To analyze the profile of gross human rights violations, and the relationship between these violations and socioeconomic and demographic indicators. METHODS Cross-sectional ecological study of 96 census districts of the city of São Paulo (Southeastern Brazil) in the year 2000. The data used came from the gross human rights violations database maintained by the Núcleo de Estudos de Violência (Center for the Study of Violence) at the Universidade de São Paulo. This database contains information on all the cases of summary executions, lynching and police violence reported on the written press. Socioeconomic and demographic data were obtained from the 2000 Census carried out by the Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics). A descriptive analysis of the data was carried out, and the association between the dependent variable - gross human rights violations (number of police violence victims, lynching episodes and summary executions) -, and different socioeconomic and demographic variables was tested. In order to test this association the Spearmans correlation test was used. RESULTS The correlations between gross human rights violations and the socioeconomic and demographic indicators were statistically significant, except for the urbanization rate and the hospital beds per 1000 inhabitants. The strongest correlations were found between the dependent variable and the following variables: size of the resident population (r=0,693), proportion of youths aged from 15 to 24 years (r=0,621), and proportion of household heads with no education or with up to three years of schooling (r=0,590). CONCLUSIONS Gross human rights violations more markedly occur in the population with the worst living conditions. Therefore, in a scenario in which inequality in attaining social and economic rights is directly superposed to the violation of civil rights, the violence cycle is intensified and perpetuated.

A vulnerabilidade dos jovens à morte violenta: um estudo de caso no contexto dos “Crimes de Maio”

Este artigo aborda a historia de um jovem morador de um bairro periferico de Sao Paulo sumariamente executado no contexto dos “Crimes de Maio” ocorridos em 2006. Utiliza-se do arcabouco conceitual da vulnerabilidade como forma de compreender os diferentes elementos envolvidos na sua vitimizacao. Esse conceito proporciona uma perspectiva ampla e dinâmica que considera a suscetibilidade a um determinado evento enquanto dependente nao so de aspectos individuais, mas tambem relacionais e contextuais, evitando efeitos estigmatizantes. A analise desenvolvida enfatiza a incerteza social juvenil e a situacao de liminaridade em relacao ao “mundo do crime”; os processos de violencia policial que recaem sobre determinadas parcelas da populacao, bem como a situacao de impunidade. Tais elementos ocupam hoje uma posicao central na conformacao da vulnerabilidade de jovens a violencia letal, o que torna necessaria sua problematizacao para o desenvolvimento de acoes de prevencao, inclusive no setor da saude.

Graves violaciones de derechos humanos y desigualdad en el município de São Paulo (Sureste de Brasil)

OBJETIVO: Analisar o perfil de graves violacoes de direitos humanos e sua associacao com aspectos socioeconomicos e demograficos. METODOS: Estudo ecologico, de corte transversal, tendo como unidade de analise os 96 distritos censitarios do municipio de Sao Paulo (SP) para o ano de 2000. Foi utilizado o banco de dados sobre graves violacoes de direitos humanos, do Nucleo de Estudos da Violencia da Universidade de Sao Paulo, que contem informacoes sobre todos os casos de execucoes sumarias, linchamento e violencia policial noticiados na imprensa escrita. Dados socioeconomicos e demograficos foram obtidos do Censo 2000 da Fundacao Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatistica. Foi testada a associacao entre a variavel dependente - graves violacoes de direitos humanos (composta pelo numero de vitimas de violencia policial, linchamentos e execucoes sumarias) - e variaveis socioeconomicas e demograficas por meio do teste de correlacao de Spearman. RESULTADOS: As correlacoes entre as violacoes de direitos e os indicadores socioeconomicos e demograficos foram estatisticamente significantes, exceto em relacao a taxa de urbanizacao e relacao de leito hospitalar por 1000 habitantes. As correlacoes mais fortes foram encontradas entre graves violacoes de direitos e tamanho populacao residente (r=0,693), proporcao de jovens de 15 a 24 anos na populacao (r=0,621) e proporcao de chefes de familia sem instrucao ou com ate tres anos de escolaridade (r=0,590). CONCLUSOES: Graves violacoes de direitos humanos atingem mais incisivamente a populacao que apresenta piores condicoes de vida. Desse modo, perpetua-se um quadro em que a desigualdade na efetivacao dos direitos sociais e economicos se sobrepoe diretamente a violacao dos direitos civis, intensificando um ciclo de violencia.OBJECTIVE To analyze the profile of gross human rights violations, and the relationship between these violations and socioeconomic and demographic indicators. METHODS Cross-sectional ecological study of 96 census districts of the city of São Paulo (Southeastern Brazil) in the year 2000. The data used came from the gross human rights violations database maintained by the Núcleo de Estudos de Violência (Center for the Study of Violence) at the Universidade de São Paulo. This database contains information on all the cases of summary executions, lynching and police violence reported on the written press. Socioeconomic and demographic data were obtained from the 2000 Census carried out by the Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics). A descriptive analysis of the data was carried out, and the association between the dependent variable - gross human rights violations (number of police violence victims, lynching episodes and summary executions) -, and different socioeconomic and demographic variables was tested. In order to test this association the Spearmans correlation test was used. RESULTS The correlations between gross human rights violations and the socioeconomic and demographic indicators were statistically significant, except for the urbanization rate and the hospital beds per 1000 inhabitants. The strongest correlations were found between the dependent variable and the following variables: size of the resident population (r=0,693), proportion of youths aged from 15 to 24 years (r=0,621), and proportion of household heads with no education or with up to three years of schooling (r=0,590). CONCLUSIONS Gross human rights violations more markedly occur in the population with the worst living conditions. Therefore, in a scenario in which inequality in attaining social and economic rights is directly superposed to the violation of civil rights, the violence cycle is intensified and perpetuated.