Sérgio Adorno

Homicídios, desenvolvimento socioeconômico e violência policial no Município de São Paulo, Brasil

OBJECTIVE To analyze the association between police violence and homicide mortality rates taking into consideration the effect of contextual variables. METHODS This was an environmental, cross-sectional study that included the 96 census districts in the City of São Paulo. The association between the variables was analyzed using Spearmans rank correlation and simple and multiple regression analysis. RESULTS Univariate analysis revealed a strong and significant association between homicide mortality coefficients and all the indicators of socioeconomic development and police violence. After controlling for potential confounding factors, the association between police violence and homicide mortality coefficients remained strong and significant. This significance was lost only after control for the size of the resident population. CONCLUSION The results indicate that police action that violates basic human rights is not the right answer to urban violence. The combination of homicides from interpersonal violence and deaths from police violence results in negative socialization and promotes further violence.OBJETIVO: Analisar a associacao entre violencia policial e coeficientes de mortalidade por homicidio, considerando o efeito de variaveis contextuais. METODOS: Estudo ecologico de corte transversal considerando os 96 distritos censitarios do Municipio de Sao Paulo. A associacao entre as variaveis foi determinada atraves de correlacao de Spearman e de analise de regressao linear simples e multipla. RESULTADOS: Nas analises univariadas, encontramos associacao forte e significativa entre os coeficientes de mortalidade por homicidio e todos os indicadores de desenvolvimento socioeconomico e violencia policial. Apos controle dos potenciais confundidores, a associacao entre a violencia policial e os coeficientes de mortalidade por homicidio manteve-se forte e significativa. Apenas com o controle para o tamanho da populacao residente a associacao perdeu a significância estatistica. CONCLUSAO: Os resultados indicam que uma acao policial centrada na violacao de direitos humanos basicos nao parece ser a resposta correta para o enfrentamento da violencia urbana. A combinacao de homicidios que resultam de violencia interpessoal com mortes por violencia policial representa uma situacao de socializacao negativa, favorecendo ainda mais violencia.

HOMICIDE RATES AND HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS IN S?O PAULO, BRAZIL: 1990 to 2002

®he growth of violence in urban areas in Brazil (and in a number of Latin American cities) cannot be properly understood and prevented without recognizing that large sectors of those urban populations have little access to many social and economic rights. This article hopes to shed some light on the impact that this deprivation of rights has on the growing rate of violent crime-in particular, homicide-in areas of Brazil. According to available statistics, homicides are often concentrated in urban areas where social and economic rights are limited; however, not all such areas have high homicide rates. This article therefore explores what combinations of poor access to rights result in increased homicide rates. As other variables-exposure to violence, poor social capital, and the abusive use of force by law enforcement agents-are seen to have a role, they are included in this analysis. Nancy Cardia is Coordinator of Knowledge Transfer and ViceCoordinator of Nuicleo de Estudos da Violencia (NEV), Universidade de S?o Paulo (USP); S?rgio Adorno is Scientific Coordinator of the NEV/USP, Professor of Sociology at the School of Philosophy, Languages and Human Sciences, USP; and Frederico Z. Poleto is a graduate student in mathematics and statistics at USP. Please address all correspondence to the authors at ncardia@usp.br.

O adolescente e as mudanças na criminalidade urbana

Neste artigo, serao apresentados alguns dos resultados de pesquisa realizada pelo Nucleo de Estudos da Violencia - NEV/USP, que teve por objeto a criminalidade juvenil na cidade de Sao Paulo, no periodo de 1993 a 1996, comparando-os aqueles obtidos em pesquisa equivalente elaborada pela Fundacao Seade de 1988 a 1991,1 em convenio com o NEV/USP. Neste texto, procurou-se responder a seguinte indagacao: vem crescendo, nos ultimos anos, a participacao dos adolescentes no movimento da criminalidade urbana, em especial de suas modalidades violentas?

Insegurança versus direitos humanos: entre a lei e a ordem

O proposito deste artigo e analisar a politica de seguranca publica formulada e implementada pelo Governo do presidente Fernando Henrique Cardoso em sua primeira gestao governamental (1995-1998). A analise procura inventariar alguns dos constrangimentos politicos que limitam o alcance e escopo das diretrizes formuladas e implementadas. Apresenta inicialmente o cenario social e politico mais amplo que contribuiu para que problemas de seguranca publica e de justica penal viessem a ocupar certa centralidade nas politicas governamentais. Em seguida, detem-se na analise das iniciativas implementadas pelo governo FHC, particularmente no campo dos direitos humanos, avaliando alguns de seus impactos e resultados bem como identificando-lhes ambivalencias e impasses.

Evolução dos homicídios e indicadores de segurança pública no Município de São Paulo entre 1996 a 2008: um estudo ecológico de séries temporais

The scope of this paper was to analyze the association between homicides and public security indicators in Sao Paulo between 1996 and 2008, after monitoring the unemployment rate and the proportion of youths in the population. A time-series ecological study for 1996 and 2008 was conducted with Sao Paulo as the unit of analysis. Dependent variable: number of deaths by homicide per year. Main independent variables: arrest-incarceration rate, access to firearms, police activity. Data analysis was conducted using Stata.IC 10.0 software. Simple and multivariate negative binomial regression models were created. Deaths by homicide and arrest-incarceration, as well as police activity were significantly associated in simple regression analysis. Access to firearms was not significantly associated to the reduction in the number of deaths by homicide (p>0,05). After adjustment, the associations with both the public security indicators were not significant. In Sao Paulo the role of public security indicators are less important as explanatory factors for a reduction in homicide rates, after adjustment for unemployment rate and a reduction in the proportion of youths. The results reinforce the importance of socioeconomic and demographic factors for a change in the public security scenario in Sao Paulo .

Fall in homicides in the city of São Paulo: an exploratory analysis of possible determinants

Throughout the first decade of the 2000s the homicide mortality rate (HMR) showed a significant reduction in the state and the city of São Paulo (MSP). The aim of this study is to describe the trend of HMR, socio-demographic indicators, and the investment in social and public security, and to analyze the correlation between HMR and independent variables in the MSP between 1996 and 2008. An exploratory time series ecological study was conducted. The following variables were included: HMR per 100,000 inhabitants, socio-demographic indicators, and investments in social and public security. The moving-averages for all variables were calculated and trends were analyzed through Simple Linear Regression models. Annual percentage changes, the average annual change and periodic percentage changes were calculated for all variables, and the associations between annual percentage changes were tested by Spearmans correlation analysis. Correlations were found for the proportion of youth in the population (r = 0.69), unemployment rate (r = 0.60), State budget for education and culture (r = 0.87) and health and sanitation (r = 0.56), municipal (r = 0.68) and State (r = 0.53) budget for Public Security, firearms seized (r = 0.69) and the incarceration rate (r = 0.71). The results allow us to support the hypothesis that demographic changes, acceleration of the economy, in particular the fall in unemployment, investment in social policies and changes in public security policies act synergistically to reduce HMR in São Paulo. Complex models of analysis, incorporating the joint action of different potential explanatory variables, should be developed.

Risk and (in)security in the police mission

This paper introduces a discussion on the history and use of the concepts of risk and security applied to the police officers mission. The text is developed in an essay format that shows how both terms developed under the constitution of modern industrial societies. The authors begin with the assumption that the organizational structure of the police in various parts of the world retains the same logic since they were created during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries and that this format is in crisis: whether it is because the concept of risk and current management thereof has now become much broader; or because the concept of security has also deepened and broadened, fleeing from the scope of the police institution. The crisis of the police apparatus is an international issue and the authors point to the case of the French police. Reverting to the thoughts of important authors in the sociological area, the authors resume the debate on some issues that they consider urgent: reformulation of the breadth of the concepts of risk and security to understand the police mission; enhancement of the police inside and outside corporations; review of the weight of the hierarchical rigidity or inflexibility on careers in a plural and flexible society.

Lei e ordem no segundo governo FHC

This paper is a follow up of a previous article (Adorno, 1999) on the governmental activities of president Fernando Henrique Cardosos first term of office. The idea here is to analyze the public safety policy that was created and implemented by the government during his second term (1999-2002). Based on a summary of the main conclusions, this study looks at how far-reaching were the initiatives introduced in three domains: human rights, international drug traffic control and social control - highlighting the 2nd National Program of Human Rights, the 1st National Program of Public Safety, and the policies for drug traffic control. A close look was taken at the changes that occurred in the way the agents and the governmental agencies acted comparatively to the previous mandate. As in the first study, an inventory is made of some of the political constraints that limited the reach and scope of the formulated and implemented norms.

Democracy in Progress in Contemporary Brazil: Corruption, Organized Crime, Violence and New Paths to the Rule of Law

Although the transition to democracy began in the middle of 1980s, Brazilian society has not yet experienced a peaceful social life. New forms of violence have emerged in in the last two decades including the increase of violent crimes, gross human rights violations, organized crime and conflicts within social and subjective relationships. The paper discusses the policies of the Fernando Henrique Cardoso administrations (1995-2002) regarding human rights and public security. It examines the social and political constraints in which government initiatives are based and the successes as well as the failures on the efficiency of these public policies.

Risco e (in)segurança na missão policial

Este artigo introduz uma discussao sobre a historia e o uso dos conceitos de risco e seguranca, aplicados ao sentido da missao policial. O texto que se desenvolve de forma ensaistica, mostra como ambos os termos se desenvolveram no âmbito da constituicao das sociedades modernas e industriais. Os autores partem da hipotese de que a estrutura organizacional da policia em varias partes do mundo continua com a mesma logica com que foi criada ao longo dos seculos XVIII e XIX e que esse formato esta em crise: seja porque o conceito de risco e sua gestao atual se tornaram muito mais abrangentes; seja porque o conceito de seguranca tambem se aprofundou e ampliou, fugindo ao âmbito da instituicao policial. A crise dos aparatos policiais e uma questao internacional e os autores a exemplificam com o caso da Franca. Retomando o pensamento de autores importantes na area sociologica, os autores colocam em pauta o debate sobre algumas questoes que consideram urgentes: reformulacao da amplitude dos conceitos de risco e de seguranca para compreensao da missao policial; valorizacao do policial dentro e fora das corporacoes; revisao sobre o peso da rigidez hierarquica ou da inflexibilidade na sua carreira, numa sociedade plural e flexivel.This study sought to understand the social representations of health and immunization for elderly individuals vaccinated and unvaccinated with influenza vaccine. The theoretical benchmark adopted was the Theory of Social Representations of a qualitative nature. The research was carried out with thirty elderly individuals, fifteen of whom were vaccinated against influenza and fifteen who were not. Individual interviews were conducted using a questionnaire for characterization and the Free Word Association of Test (TALP) as data collection instruments and analysis was conducted using Central Nucleus Theory. TALP data revealed differences between the representations for the elderly of the two groups. Those vaccinated considered health as being synonymous with well-being, permitting the conduct of daily activities and immunization as something that protects them from various evils. However, those who remained unvaccinated defined health as a product of divine will and immunization as something that protects, but has side effects, which discouraged them from taking it. The study indicated the importance of health education and demystification of misconceptions about vaccines, since healthy habits must be increasingly encouraged, thereby reducing the high rates of preventable morbidity and mortality.