Juliano Roman

Efeito de níveis de suplementação sobre o comportamento ingestivo de bezerras em pastagem de aveia (Avena strigosa Schreb.) e azevém (Lolium multiflorum Lam.)

Foi avaliado o comportamento ingestivo de bezerras de corte submetidas a diferentes niveis de suplementacao energetica. Os niveis testados foram (0; 0,5; 1,0; 1,5% do peso vivo), em pastagem de aveia preta (Avena strigosa Schreb.) e azevem (Lolium multiflorum Lam.). O suplemento foi farelo de trigo, fornecido diariamente as 14h. Para registro das atividades de pastejo, ruminacao, ocio e permanencia no cocho, adotou-se a observacao visual, feita a cada dez minutos, durante 24 horas, em quatro datas. Para cada nivel de suplementacao, foram observados seis animais dos grupos geneticos Charoles, 3/4 Charoles/Nelore e 5/8 Nelore/Charoles, com aproximadamente oito meses de idade e peso inicial de 158 kg. Os animais que receberam suplementacao diminuiram o tempo de pastejo em relacao aos nao-suplementados, sem alteracao no consumo estimado de forragem. Os animais que receberam suplementacao a 1,5% do PV permaneceram mais tempo no cocho, aumentando a frequencia de retorno ao cocho nos maiores niveis de suplementacao. Os niveis de suplementacao nao interferiram nos tempos de ruminacao e ocio.

Comportamento ingestivo e desempenho de ovinos em pastagem de azevém anual (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) com diferentes massas de forragem

The objective of this trial was to evaluate ingestive behaviour and performance of sheep grazing Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) pasture with different herbage mass (HM): low HM: 1,000 - 1,200 kg/ha of DM (LHM); medium HM: 1,400-1,600 kg/ha DM (MHM); high HM 1,800-2,000 kg/ha DM (HHM). A completely randomized design with three treatments and two replicates (paddocks) per treatment was used. Data were submitted to polynomial regression analysis in function of the actual HM observed in each experimental unit: 1,136.8, 1,190.9, 1,359.2, 1,375, 1,556, and 1,739.1 kg/ha DM. Leaf blade and pseudostem masses, forage and leaf blade allowances, sward and pseudostem heights, leaf blade depth, and average daily gain all increased linearly from LHM to HHM while the opposite was observed for stocking and bite rates. However, no HM effect was found for herbage intake, times spent grazing, ruminating and idle, amount of daily bite, bite mass, body condition score gain, body weight gain per hectare, and feed efficiency. The range of HM evaluated showed no differences in body weight gain per hectare with similar conversion efficiency of forage in animal product. The depth of leaf blade layers is the most important variable affecting sheep performance.

Suplementos energéticos para recria de novilhas de corte em pastagens anuais: desempenho animal

It was evaluated beef heifers performance from three until twelve months of age, when they were reared in cultivated pasture soon after their weaning (experiment 1) and in the first winter post-weaning (experiment 2), with or without the supply of energy supplements to the animals. From 02/16 to 04/21/2001, the heifers stayed in Pearl Millet pasture, exclusively under grazing (PAST1); supplemented with milled corn grain (PAST1/C) or supplemented with pellet citric pulp (PAST1/P). From 07/13 to 10/09/2001, the heifers were maintained in oat plus italian ryegrass pasture without supplementation to the animals (PAST2); supplemented with milled corn grain (PAST2/C) or supplemented with soy hull (PAST2/H). The evaluated variables of animal performance were live weight (LW), average daily gain (ADG) and body condition score (BCS). In the experiment 1, supplemented animals presented larger values of final LW, ADG and BCS in relation to the non supplemented, ones the supplemented treatments not differing to each other. In experiment 2, the soy hull supplemented heifers showed greater ADG and final LW than non supplemented heifers, with the corn grain supplemented group in an intermediary position. The highest BCS was obtained by the animals of PAST2/H, followed by PAST2/C and, at last, of PAST2. Beef heifers weaned at 60-90 days should be supplemented in the initial post-weaning period, enabling them to reach satisfactory development in this phase of growth. The by-products citric pulp and soy hull can substitute the corn grain as energy supplements for rearing of beef heifers.

Suplementos energéticos para recria de novilhas de corte em pastagens anuais: análise econômica

An economic evaluation was accomplished of two experiments with intensive feeding systems for rearing of beef heifers weaned with 60-90 days. In experiment 1, the heifers reared in Pearl Millet pasture, exclusively under grazing (PAST1); supplemented with milled corn grain (PAST1/C) or supplemented with pellet citric pulp (PAST1/P). In experiment 2, the heifers were reared in Oat plus Italian Ryegrass pasture without supplementation to the animals (PAST2); supplemented with milled corn grain (PAST2/C) or supplemented with soy hull (PAST2/H). With the results of animal production per hectare and composition of the costs was realized an evaluation of the direct financial response of the studied feeding systems. Based on the live weight of the heifers at twelve months of age a bioeconomic analysis of the employed technologies was presented. In experiment 1, the milled corn grain supplemented presented financial loss, while other systems just only covered costs, without surplus gross margin. In experiment 2, the corn grain system covered only costs, and the exclusive use of the pasture and the soy hull supplementation provided satisfactory values of gross margin for hectare. The increase of birth rate from 50 to 80% or the reduction of the age at first mating of the heifers from three to two years could reduce, respectively, in 62 and 23% the number of unproductive females in the herd for each 100 pregnant cows. These practices present potentiality to reduce this number of animals in 74%, when accomplished jointly.

Características produtivas e estruturais do milheto e sua relação com o ganho de peso de bezerras sob suplementação alimentar

The productive and structural characteristics of Pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum (L.) Leeke) under continuous stocking rate and their relationship with beef heifers performance exclusively under grazing (PAST), supplemented with corn grain (PAST + C) or citric pulp (PAST + P) was evaluated. There was no difference among treatments for herbage mass, forage allowance, leaf lamina mass, leaf lamina allowance, daily accumulation rate of forage and herbage total production. Daily accumulation rate of forage, leaf lamina mass and leaf lamina allowance decreased linearly during the grazing period. The participation of Pearl millet components in the sward structure was similar among treatments and changed during the time. The energetic supplementation increased the stocking rate at beginning of grazing, with high leaf lamina participation in the canopy and increased the average daily gain in subsequent periods, with decreasing of the leaf lamina participation. The effect of energetic supplementation on Pearl millet pasture is linked with the amount and distribution of leaf lamina in the canopy structure. The energetic supplementation does not affect the structural and productive characteristics of pearl millet.

Comportamento ingestivo diurno de novilhas de corte recebendo níveis de suplemento

The trial was conducted aiming to evaluate pasture botanical composition and diurnal ingestive behavior of beef heifers receiving different supplement levels. The animals were kept in black oats (Avena strigosa Schreb.) and Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) pasture, receiving 0; 0.3; 0.6 and 0.9% of live weight (LW) of supplement. The supplement utilized was a commercial ration. In four dates were registrated diurnal activities of grazing, ruminating, idle, number of visits and trough permanence time and bite rate. Increasing supplement levels reduced grazing time and increased idle time (P 0.05). Botanical and structural composition of pasture were influenced by supplement levels and related with herbage production cycle (P>0.05).

Ingestão de matéria seca por novilhas de corte em pastagem de milheto

It was evaluate the dry matter (DM) herbage intake by beef heifers and the bite mass on a Pearl Millet (Pennisetum americanun (L.) Leeke) pasture. The experimental design was completely randomized with repeated measures in time, two leaf blade mass (600 and 1,000kg ha-1 of DM), which were maintained by continuous stocking with variable stocking rate, and three replicate areas. The herbage intake was evaluated using chromic oxide (Cr2O3) as a faecal production indicator and the acid detergent indigestible fiber as an internal indicator. The qualitative parameters evaluated in the forage were the neutral detergent fiber, in vitro organic mater digestibility and the crude protein content. The heavier bites were achieved in a Pearl Millet pasture managed with 1,000kg ha-1 of leaf blade dry matter (DM) even though the steers have eaten the same dry matter amount, 1.8% of live weight, in the two leaf blade mass. The Pearl Millet pasture managed with leaf blade herbage mass of 600 or 1,000kg ha-1 of DM provides to the grazing animals similar opportunity of herbage intake.

Desenvolvimento de bezerras de corte após a desmama sob níveis de concentrado

It was evaluated the performance of beef heifers receiving different levels of supplement: 0; 0.3; 0.6 and 0.9% of body weight day-1, in black oats (Avena strigosa Schreb.) plus Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) pasture. The experimental design was completely randomized with four treatments and two area replicates. Beef heifers from different treatments had access to the same forage allowance (herbage mass and supply of green leaves). Increases on supplement quantity positively interfered on average daily gain, stocking rate, weight gain per area and forage transformation efficiency. Supplemented heifers had greater weight and body condition at 13 months of age than the non supplemented ones. In black oats plus Italian ryegrass pasture, providing up to 0.9% of body weight of the animal concentrate supplementation is an alternative for obtaining heavier heifers and in better body condition score.

Sward structural characteristics and ingestive behaviour of beef heifers in a Pearl Millet pasture

Ingestive behaviour of beef heifers and sward structural characteristics of Pearl Millet (Pennisetum americanum (L.) Leeke) were evaluated. The experiment was carried out in a randomized complete design following a repeated measure arrangement (three experimental periods) with three replications of two leaf blade masses (600 and 1,000 kg/ha DM), which were maintained using continuous grazing with variable stocking rate. The variables measured were sward height, herbage mass, leaf blade and stem bulk density in sward vertical strata (sward structural characteristics), grazing, idling, rumination time and bite rate of heifers (ingestive behaviour). Bite rate was modified by pasture management and was lower when the leaf blade mass was 1,000 kg/ha DM. The daily grazing, rumination and idling time of beef heifers were similar for both leaf blade masses. Structural variation of the sward, during the experimental period, altered the grazing, rumination and idling time of heifers, and affected the bite rate. In Southern Brazil, the beef heifers concentrate their grazing activities in the 12 p.m. to 6:00 p.m. period, decreasing the grazing between 12 a.m. and 6:00 a.m., even in the hottest season of the year.