Justyna Salamońska

Bad Times at Home, Good Times to Move? The (Not So) Changing Landscape of Intra-EU Migration

More than half a century ago, a future winner of the Nobel Prize in economics assessed the case for multinational monetary integration, concluding that ‘an essential ingredient of a common currency, or a single currency area, is a high degree of [production] factor mobility’ (Mundell 1961: 661). The mobility of capital and labour across countries was set as the necessary correlate for the abandonment of nation-based money and monetary policies. Accordingly, mainstream economic theory today posits that, in a single-currency area like the Eurozone, regional economic crises should boost the cross-country movements of workers. This in turn should alleviate economic imbalances and help stabilize economies.

Types of Migration: The Motivations, Composition, and Early Integration Patterns of “New Migrants” in Europe

Applying latent class analysis to a unique data source of 3,500 Polish migrants in Western Europe, we develop a new typology of Polish migrants under “free movement” following the 2004 expansion of the European Union. We characterize these diverse migrant types in terms of their premigration characteristics and link them to varied early social and economic integration outcomes. We show that alongside traditional circular and temporary labor migration, European Union expansion has given rise to new migrant types who are driven by experiential concerns, resulting in a more complex relationship between their economic and social integration in destination countries.

Civil Society Organisations and the Diaspora-Integration Nexus

In this chapter we present the rationale of the INTERACT survey, which is an instrument designed to map the activities of civil society organisations. The novelty of the survey lies in its cross-national approach; it studies civil society organisations at both destination and origin and treats them as actors that take part in migrant integration in EU destination countries. The survey gathered over 900 responses from diverse types of organisations working predominantly in employment, education, language and the social dimensions of integration. These organisations have different reaches, but their voices give us a better understanding of how they support migrants’ efforts to integrate within in the EU. Although the exploratory character of the survey does not allow one to generalise to the entire population of civil society organisations, it sheds light onto how these actors’ activities impact migrant integration, and how they perceive states of origin and their policies in the context of the day-to-day reality of migrants’ incorporation into the receiving society.

Introducing Emigration and Diaspora Policies in Integration Studies

In this chapter we describe emigration and diaspora policies that have been developed and implemented in China, Ecuador, India, Iran, Morocco, Russia, Turkey and Ukraine. These policies are specifically tackled based on their potential impact on the integration of these countries’ nationals living abroad. With regard to emigration policies, two major and promising tools to foster integration are bilateral agreements and pre-departure trainings. Diaspora policies, on the other hand, include a large variety of integration dimensions and tools. Compared with emigration policies, their link with integration outcomes is not always straightforward. As a whole, the chapter finds that diaspora and emigration policies may be developed in different contexts and may not necessarily be exclusionary. They may instead coexist and sometimes contradict each other. The mix of emigration and diaspora policies may accordingly lead to very different integration opportunities for nationals living abroad.

Exploratory cross-national survey of origin and destination migrant organisations

INTERACT - Researching Third Country Nationals? Integration as a Three-way Process - Immigrants, Countries of Emigration and Countries of Immigration as Actors of Integration