Jyoti Yadav

Prospects and limitations of non-invasive blood glucose monitoring using near-infrared spectroscopy

Abstract Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder which can lead to severe complications and affect all vital organs. The occurrence of complications due to diabetes can be prevented by regular monitoring and maintaining the blood glucose level in the normal range. Most of the commercially available devices for glucose measurement are invasive or minimally invasive. Invasive devices used for blood glucose monitoring are inconvenient and painful whereas minimal invasive devices have limited time span and stability. Thus, there is a need of an economic, compact, painless and convenient non-invasive device which can promote frequent blood testing which help in control of blood glucose level. In this paper various methods of glucose monitoring are reviewed and overall emphasis is laid on the development of NIRS (near-infrared spectroscopy) based non-invasive glucose monitoring. The motivation of this review is to demonstrate the prospects, limitations and technical challenges for development of NIRS based non-invasive blood glucose measurement system.

Near-infrared LED based non-invasive blood glucose sensor

Diabetes is a metabolic pathological condition of concern, which affects vital organs of body if not diagnosed and treated on time. Regular monitoring of blood glucose is important to avoid complication of diabetes. Commonly used glucose measurement methods are invasive which generally involves finger puncturing. These methods are painful and frequent pricking cause calluses on the skin and have risk of spreading infectious diseases. Therefore there is need to develop a non-invasive monitoring system which can measure blood glucose continuously without much problem. The present work is focused on development of non-invasive blood glucose measurement sensor system using Near-infrared (NIR) technique. Initially in-vitro glucose measurement prototype is developed using continuous wave (CW) from NIR LED (940 nm) to check the sensitivity of the system for different glucose concentrations. Later a Sensor patch was designed using LED and a photodiode to observe diffused reflectance spectra of blood from the human forearm. Diffused reflectance spectra of the subjects obtained with this technique was also compared with commercially available invasive finger tip gluco-meter. The results are promising and show the potential of using NIR for glucose measurement.

Performance Analysis of Fuzzy-PID Controller for Blood Glucose Regulation in Type-1 Diabetic Patients

This paper presents Fuzzy-PID (FPID) control scheme for a blood glucose control of type 1 diabetic subjects. A new metaheuristic Cuckoo Search Algorithm (CSA) is utilized to optimize the gains of FPID controller. CSA provides fast convergence and is capable of handling global optimization of continuous nonlinear systems. The proposed controller is an amalgamation of fuzzy logic and optimization which may provide an efficient solution for complex problems like blood glucose control. The task is to maintain normal glucose levels in the shortest possible time with minimum insulin dose. The glucose control is achieved by tuning the PID (Proportional Integral Derivative) and FPID controller with the help of Genetic Algorithm and CSA for comparative analysis. The designed controllers are tested on Bergman minimal model to control the blood glucose level in the facets of parameter uncertainties, meal disturbances and sensor noise. The results reveal that the performance of CSA-FPID controller is superior as compared to other designed controllers.

Levenberg–Marquardt-Based Non-Invasive Blood Glucose Measurement System

ABSTRACT The present work focuses on the development of non-invasive blood glucose measurement device to revolutionize diabetes management and reduce severe complications associated with it. A low cost, painless and non-invasive blood glucose measurement system is designed using near-infrared (NIR) LED and four photodiodes for the purpose. NIR light emitted by LED passes through the skin and is detected by photodiodes after attenuation. The detector converts the attenuated light into a voltage signal. The interference due to background noise generated by human skin is removed by taking floating or internal reference. The voltage signal obtained from the photodiodes is calibrated using Levenberg–Marquardt-based Artificial Neural Network to obtain the glucose concentration. The accuracy of proposed prototype was examined by comparing non-invasively predicted data with invasively measured reference data. It is observed that all measurements lie in A and B zones of Clarke error grid and thus clinically accurate.

Design of Low Cost Blood Glucose Sensing System Using Diffused Reflectance Near-Infrared Light

The present work proposes a low cost and portable Non-Invasive Blood Glucose Measurement (NIGM) system based on Near-infrared (NIR) light. In vitro system using single LED (940 nm) with an array of photodetectors is fabricated. Regression analysis is carried out to study the relationship between detector output voltage and actual glucose concentration. Low RMSEC (reflectance: 12.87 mg/dl, transmittance: 15 mg/dl) of in vitro measurement motivated to design a sensor patch for non-invasive in vivo glucose measurement. The accuracy of our indigenous device was tested by comparing non-invasively estimated blood glucose with invasively measured blood glucose. To estimate the glucose concentration from the detector voltage signal an ADAptive Linear NEuron (ADALINE) based Neural Network structure is used. The calibration model is prepared using data of 10 non-diabetic subjects. The observed RMSEP was 14.92 mg/dl with correlation coefficient (0.87) in the case of In vivo experiment. The prediction of glucose concentration is in the clinically acceptable region of the standard Clark Error Grid (CEG). The proposed design of NIR light based glucose measurement can be used to develop an NIGM system.

Genetic Algorithm based PID controller for blood pressure and Cardiac Output regulation

The paper presents a study on the control scheme of two physiological states: Cardiac Output (CO) and Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) using Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controller. A control strategy for CO and MAP regulation is developed by simultaneous infusion of two drugs: Sodium Nitroprusside (SNP) and Dopamine (DPM) as inputs. Since drug infusion is interacting type and sensitivity to drugs differs from patient to patient; so the appropriate controller design is challenging task. Therefore suitable controller is required to improve the patient care and also to minimize clinical expenses. Firstly; for tuning of PID controller gains conventional Ziegler Nichols (ZN) method is used. Later PID gains are optimized using Genetic Algorithm (GA) with aggregation of Settling Time; Overshoot and Integral Square Error (ISE) as an objective function. Simulations are carried out to examine the performance of the controller under sensor noise (band limited white noise) and model parameter variations. The result indicates superior performance of the GA for optimization of the controller parameters under sensor noise and parameter variations as compared to the ZN tuning method.

Soft sensor for inferential control in non-isothermal CSTR

The idea of work is to design a soft sensor to be used for inferential control of concentration of Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR) under time varying circumstances. The approach is based on artificial intelligence technique in which, various types of Artificial Neural Network (ANN)based soft sensors are designed. The two types of controllers are used namely, proportional controller for temperature control and proportional integral controller with soft sensor for product concentration control. The proposed technique offers numerous advantages like, improvement in product quality, online data collection, analysis based on previous results can be done and also, the concentration values can be known on real-time basis. The simulation results have shown that soft sensor adequately controls the concentration of CSTR.

Design and Analysis of a Novel Ultra-Low Power SRAM Bit-Cell at 45nm CMOS Technology for Bio-Medical Implants

Bio-Implantable Microsystems such as the cardiac pacemaker, retinal and neural implant provides substitute for a missing biological part, support an impaired biological structure or even upgrade the existing biological system. These microsystems require ultra-low power miniature integrated circuit technology for long term reliable operation. For energy constraint applications like the implantable devices, the performance requirement are secondary factors while energy efficiency, low power, high density and high robustness are of primary concern. For low power operation, scaling the supply voltage into sub-threshold region is possible and is an effective technique for power reduction. Implantable devices require minimum energy consumption and prolonged battery lifetime. So these systems demand low leakage currents without sacrificing much on performance. In this work a new 9T MTIP3 SRAM Bit-Cell is proposed at 45nm CMOS technology using multi-threshold (MTCMOS) design technique. The static power saving in MTIP3 is 99.83% as compared to conventional 6T and 23.82% as compared to IP3 at VDD=0.8V. The dynamic power saving of read1 in MTIP3 is 86.37% as compared to 6T. The dynamic power saving of write1 in MTIP3 is 66.23% as compared to IP3. The access time of MTIP3 is 16.94% less than 6T. The energy saving during hold mode in MTIP3 is 99.5% as compared to 6T. Static Noise Margins are improved by 2.07% compared to IP3 at VDD =0.7V.

Effect of Supply Voltage on Ability and Stability in IP3 SRAM Bit-Cell at 45nm CMOS Technology using N-Curve

The Leakage power, performance, data retentation, and stability are the key challenges in Static Random Access Memory (SRAM) at Deep-Sub-Micron (DSM) CMOS technology. In the DSM technology, when threshold voltage, channel length, and gate oxide thickness are reduced, leakage currents in deep sub-micrometer regimes causes power dissipation in CMOS digital circuits which may affect the data ability and stability in the SRAM. In this work the effect of supply voltage has been observed in the IP3 SRAM Bit-Cell using N-Curve methodology at the room temperature (RT). To see the effect of supply voltage variations on the stability and ability parameters in the 6T and IP3 SRAM Bit-Cells, the supply voltage has been varied from 0.6V to 1.0V in step of 0.1V. It has been seen that the read, write stability and ability are comparable in both cells at RT. The other design parameters taken from the CMOS technology available on 45nm are as tOX = 2.4 nm, Vthn = 0.224 V, and Vthp = 0.24 V at RT = 27°C.