K. Holoch

Prospective assessment of midsecretory endometrial leukemia inhibitor factor expression versus ανβ3 testing in women with unexplained infertility.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate endometrial leukemia inhibitor factor (LIF) expression as a marker of endometrial receptivity in women with unexplained infertility (UI). DESIGN Prospective case-control study. SETTING University-associated infertility clinics. PATIENT(S) Women with UI for more than 1 year and healthy control women. INTERVENTION(S) Endometrial biopsy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Time to pregnancy was compared between patients with UI who were evaluated for endometrial LIF protein as well as ανβ3 integrin expression. Endometrium was evaluated using immunohistochemistry (IHC) and messenger RNA by real time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase-PCR) in samples from women with UI as well as healthy control women. RESULT(S) Leukemia inhibitor factor was expressed in epithelial cells in a cyclic fashion in controls, and overall expression in the secretory phase was similar between controls and women with UI, whereas ανβ3 integrin expression was reduced. However, using quantitative real-time PCR, LIF messenger RNA abundance was 4.4-fold lower in women with low levels of ανβ3 integrin expression compared with samples with normal integrins. By immunohistochemistry, ανβ3 integrin expression was always lacking when the histology was out of phase, whereas LIF expression was only negative in a subset of those samples. Reduced endometrial LIF expression was strongly associated with poor reproductive outcomes. CONCLUSION(S) Endometrial LIF expression peaks in the midsecretory phase and is reduced in some women with UI. The use of LIF in combination with ανβ3 integrin as biomarkers appears to be superior to integrin testing alone when evaluating endometrial receptivity, primarily because of its earlier pattern of expression during the secretory phase.

Surgical management of endometriosis

Endometriosis is the presence of endometrial glands or stroma outside of the uterine cavity. While it is difficult to estimate overall incidence, it is thought that up to 10% of reproductive-age women have endometriosis, which can often result in infertility and pelvic pain. The variation and spectrum of symptoms produced by endometriosis can make patient management challenging, as some patients will present with debilitating pelvic pain and some will have few, if any, symptoms. Definitive diagnosis is made surgically, often with histological correlation. Symptomatic women can be managed either medically or surgically. Further complicating the treatment is the infertile patient with known or suspected endometriosis. While surgical treatments may benefit many patients with endometriosis-associated infertility, there is a subset of patients who may benefit more from proceeding to assisted reproductive technology. This paper will discuss surgical management of endometriosis in women with the primary complain...