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Information & Management | 2004

Employees' opportunities, preferences, and practices in telecommuting adoption

P. Peters; K. Tijdens; C.M.M.P. Wetzels

This study uses three separate models for the opportunity, preference, and practice of telecommuting to analyze employee telecommuting adoption. Explanatory clusters relate to organizational, job, household, and individual characteristics derived from the combined insights from literature on telework management and employees telecommuting decisions and behavior. Data was collected from 849 employees using a personal computer at the workplace, selected from a representative sample of the Dutch labor force. Multivariate analyses were applied. Opportunity largely depended on organizational and job characteristics. Preference was dependent on all explanatory clusters. Practice was especially dependent on job and individual characteristics.


Journal of Family Issues | 2004

Outsourcing of Domestic Tasks and Time-saving Effects

Tanja van der Lippe; K. Tijdens; Esther de Ruijter

The increased participation of women in paid labor has changed the organization of domestic work. This article deals with a strategy to cope with remaining domestic duties; to what extent are domestic tasks outsourced, what are the main determinants, and does it indeed save time spent on housework? Five outsourcing options are investigated: domestic help, take-out meals, the microwave, the dishwasher, and the dryer. Hypotheses are formulated with respect to household resources, time availability, demand, and adaptability to new appliances. These hypotheses (except the adaptability hypothesis) assume that outsourcing saves time. This underlying assumption is tested as well. Using time budget data of the Dutch population in 1995, results show that especially households with higher incomes and double earners more often make use of all kinds of outsourcing options. Furthermore, the domestic help as well as the dishwasher saves time for women, whereas the microwave is time saving for men.


International Journal of Human Resource Management | 2013

Working time flexibility components and working time regimes in Europe: using company-level data across 21 countries

Heejung Chung; K. Tijdens

Working time flexibility comprises a wide variety of arrangements, from part-time, overtime, to long-term leaves. Theoretical approaches to grouping these arrangements have been developed, but empirical underpinnings are rare. This article investigates the bundles that can be found for various flexible working time arrangements, using the Establishment Survey on Working Time and Work–Life Balance, 2004/2005, covering 21 EU member states and 13 industries. The results from the factor analyses confirmed that working time arrangements can be grouped into two bundles, one for the employee-centred arrangements and second for the employer-centred arrangements, and that these two bundles are separate dimensions. We also tested the stability of the factor analysis outcome, showing that although we find some deviations from the pan-Europe and pan-industry outcome, the naming of the components as flexibility for employees and flexibility for employers can be considered rather stable. Lastly, we find three country clusters for the 21 European countries using the bundle approach. The first group includes the Northern European countries along side Poland and Czech Republic, the second group the continental European countries with UK and Ireland, and lastly, the southern European countries with Hungary and Slovenia.


Human Resources for Health | 2014

Should I stay or should I go? The impact of working time and wages on retention in the health workforce.

Stephanie Steinmetz; Daniel H. de Vries; K. Tijdens

BackgroundTurnover in the health workforce is a concern as it is costly and detrimental to organizational performance and quality of care. Most studies have focused on the influence of individual and organizational factors on an employee’s intention to quit. Inspired by the observation that providing care is based on the duration of practices, tasks and processes (issues of time) rather than exchange values (wages), this paper focuses on the influence of working-time characteristics and wages on an employee’s intention to stay.MethodsUsing data from the WageIndicator web survey (N = 5,323), three logistic regression models were used to estimate health care employee’s intention to stay for Belgium, Germany and the Netherlands. The first model includes working-time characteristics controlling for a set of sociodemographic variables, job categories, promotion and organization-related characteristics. The second model tests the impact of wage-related characteristics. The third model includes both working-time- and wage-related aspects.ResultsModel 1 reveals that working-time-related factors significantly affect intention to stay across all countries. In particular, working part-time hours, overtime and a long commuting time decrease the intention to stay with the same employer. The analysis also shows that job dissatisfaction is a strong predictor for the intention to leave, next to being a woman, being moderately or well educated, and being promoted in the current organization. In Model 2, wage-related characteristics demonstrate that employees with a low wage or low wage satisfaction are less likely to express an intention to stay. The effect of wage satisfaction is not surprising; it confirms that besides a high wage, wage satisfaction is essential. When considering all factors in Model 3, all effects remain significant, indicating that attention to working and commuting times can complement attention to wages and wage satisfaction to increase employees’ intention to stay. These findings hold for all three countries, for a variety of health occupations.ConclusionsWhen following a policy of wage increases, attention to the issues of working time—including overtime hours, working part-time, and commuting time—and wage satisfaction are suitable strategies in managing health workforce retention.Abstract in GermanHintergrundHohe Personalfluktuation und Kündigungsraten sind im Gesundheitswesen aufgrund ihres negativen Einflusses auf die organisatorische Leistung sowie die Qualität der Pflege in zunehmendem Maße ein ernstes Problem. In diesem Zusammenhang haben Studien zur Personalfluktuation vor allem den Einfluss von individuellen und organisatorischen Faktoren untersucht. Da jedoch innerhalb des Gesundheitswesens Zeitkomponenten (z.B. Dauer der für verschiedene Aufgaben verfügbaren Zeit) eine noch wichtigere Rolle spielen als die Entlohnung jedes einzelnen Arbeitsschritts, konzentriert sich der vorliegende Artikel vor allem auf den Einfluss verschiedener Arbeitszeit- und Entlohnungsfaktoren auf die Absicht von Mitarbeitern, beim derzeitigen Arbeitgeber zu verbleiben.MethodeUnter Verwendung gepoolter belgischer, deutscher und niederländischer Stichproben (2006-2012) der kontinuierlichen, weltweiten und mehrsprachigen WageIndicator- Onlineumfrage (N = 5323) untersucht die Studie anhand von drei logistischen Regressionsmodellen die Absicht von Mitarbeitern, bei ihrem derzeitigen Arbeitgeber im Gesundheitswesen zu verbleiben. Das erste Modell analysiert unter Kontrolle von soziodemographischen sowie berufs- und organisationsbezogenen Eigenschaften den Einfluss verschiedener Arbeitszeitfaktoren auf die Verbleibeabsicht. Unter Berücksichtigung der gleichen Kontrollvariablen testet das zweite Modell hingegen die Auswirkungen lohnbezogener Eigenschaften auf die Absicht zu bleiben, während das dritte Modell letztlich Arbeitszeit- und Lohnaspekte kombiniert.ErgebnisseModell 1 zeigt, dass die arbeitszeitbezogenen Faktoren die Absicht, beim derzeitigen Arbeitgeber zu verbleiben, in allen drei Ländern signifikant beeinflussen. Insbesondere Teilzeitarbeit, Überstunden sowie eine lange Anfahrtszeit zum Arbeitsplatz verringern die Verbleibeabsicht. Die Analyse zeigt auch, dass neben Einflussfaktoren wie weibliches Geschlecht, mittlere bis hohe Bildung und kürzlich erfolgte Beförderung, vor allem Arbeitsunzufriedenheit ein starker Prädiktor für die Absicht ist, den Arbeitgeber zu verlassen. In Modell 2 zeigt sich, dass lohnbezogene Merkmale, wie z.B. ein niedriger Lohn oder höhere Lohnunzufriedenheit, die Verbleibewahrscheinlichkeit von Arbeitnehmern verringert. Der starke Lohn(un)zufriedenheitseffekt bestätigt dabei, dass nicht nur die Lohnhöhe sondern vor allem auch die subjektive Lohnzufriedenheit eine zentrale Rolle spielt. Unter Berücksichtigung aller Faktoren in Model 3 bleiben die oben genannten Effekte signifikant, was darauf hindeutet, dass Arbeitszeitfaktoren (u.a. auch Anfahrtszeiten) neben Lohnfaktoren einen wichtigen Beitrag zum Verständnis von Personalfluktuation im Gesundheitswesen leisten. Diese Ergebnisse gelten für alle drei untersuchten Länder und eine Vielzahl von Gesundheitsberufen.SchlussfolgerungenDie Analyse zeigt auf, dass in der politischen Diskussion neben Lohnerhöhungen vor allem auch Themen wie Arbeitszeit (einschließlich Überstunden, Teilzeit und Anfahrtszeit) sowie die subjektive Lohnzufriedenheit in den Vordergrund gerückt werden müssen. Diese Faktoren eröffnen alternative Strategien, um das Problem hoher Personalfluktuation im Gesundheitswesen anzupacken.Abstract in SpanishAntecedentesLa rotación de personal de salud es preocupante, ya que es costoso y perjudicial para el desempeño de la organización y la calidad de atención médica. La mayoría de los estudios se han centrado en los factores a nivel individual y de organización que influyen el renunciar el empleo. Inspirado por la observación de que la prestación de atención médica se basa en la duración de las prácticas, las tareas y procesos (cuestiones de tiempo) en lugar de los valores de cambio (salarios), este manuscrito se enfoca en la influencia de las características del tiempo de trabajo y los salarios en la intención de permanecer en el empleo.MétodosUtilizando datos de la encuesta por Internet del Indicador Salarial (N = 5,323), se estimaron tres modelos de regresión logística para determinar la intención del empleado de atención de la salud a permanecer en Bélgica, Alemania y Holanda. El primer modelo incluye características de tiempo de trabajo, mientras controla por un conjunto de variables sociodemográficas, categorías laborales, la promoción y diversas características relacionadas con la organización. El segundo modelo de prueba el impacto de las características relacionadas con los salarios. El tercer modelo incluye tanto el tiempo de trabajo como los aspectos relacionados con los salarios.ResultadosModelo 1 indica que los factores de trabajo relacionados con el tiempo afectan significativamente la intención de permanecer en el empleo a través de todos los países. Las horas de trabajo a tiempo parcial o tiempo extra y un tiempo largo de trayecto al trabajo disminuyen la intención de permanecer en el mismo empleo. El análisis también indica que la insatisfacción laboral es un fuerte predictor de la intención de renunciar el empleo, también el ser mujer, ser moderadamente o bien educada y el haber sido promovido dentro de la organización actual. En el Modelo 2, características relacionadas con los salarios demuestran que los empleados con un salario bajo o un bajo nivel de satisfacción sobre el salario son menos propensos a expresar la intención de quedarse. El efecto de la satisfacción salarial no es sorprendente; confirma que, además de un alto salario, la satisfacción salarial es importante. Al considerar todos los factores en el Modelo 3, todos los efectos siguen siendo significativos, que indica que el aumentar la intención de los empleados a quedarse requiere la atención al tiempo del trabajo y del trayecto al trabajo, además de la atención sobre los salarios y la satisfacción de salarios. Estas conclusiones son válidas para los tres países y a través de una variedad de profesiones de la salud.ConclusionesCuando se implementa una política de incrementar salarios para mejorar la satisfacción salarial, también se debe considerar otras estrategias para el manejo de la retención de personal de salud, como el de trabajar horas extras, trabajo a tiempo parcial y el tiempo del trayecto al trabajo.


European Journal of Industrial Relations | 2010

Social risk protection in collective agreements: Evidence from the Netherlands

Mara Yerkes; K. Tijdens

To what extent can collective bargaining compensate for a decline in or absence of welfare state protection against social risks? In this article, we use a comprehensive collective agreement database to analyse social risk coverage in the Netherlands from 1995 to 2009. We compare two forms of social risk, disability and work—life arrangements, analysing the share of collective agreements that offer these arrangements across time. Our results show that collective bargaining differs across the public and private sector but is similar at different levels of bargaining. In general, our findings demonstrate that collective agreements often compensate for declining welfare state coverage or a lack of state provision. As a result, the findings presented here suggest occupational welfare, in the form of collective bargaining, is an important component of welfare provision that is oftentimes overlooked in the current welfare state literature.


Human Resources for Health | 2013

Health workforce remuneration: comparing wage levels, ranking, and dispersion of 16 occupational groups in 20 countries

K. Tijdens; Daniel H. de Vries; Stephanie Steinmetz

BackgroundThis article represents the first attempt to explore remuneration in Human Resources for Health (HRH), comparing wage levels, ranking and dispersion of 16 HRH occupational groups in 20 countries (Argentina, Belarus, Belgium, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, the Czech Republic, Finland, Germany, India, Mexico, the Netherlands, Poland, Russian Federation, Republic of South Africa (RSA), Spain, Sweden, Ukraine, United Kingdom (UK), and United States of America (USA)). The main aim is to examine to what extent the wage rankings, standardized wage levels, and wage dispersion are similar between the 16 occupational groups and across the selected countries and what factors can be shown to be related to the differences that emerge.MethodThe pooled data from the continuous, worldwide, multilingual WageIndicator web survey between 2008 and 2011 (for selected HRH occupations, n=49,687) have been aggregated into a data file with median or mean remuneration values for 300 occupation/country cells. Hourly wages are expressed in standardized US Dollars (USD), all controlled for purchasing power parity (PPP) and indexed to 2011 levels.ResultsThe wage ranking of 16 HRH occupational groups is fairly similar across countries. Overall Medical Doctors have the highest and Personal Care Workers the lowest median wages. Wage levels of Nursing & Midwifery Professionals vary largely. Health Care Managers have lower earnings than Medical Doctors in all except six of the 20 countries. The largest wage differences are found for the Medical Doctors earning 20 times less in Ukraine than in the US, and the Personal Care Workers, who earn nine times less in the Ukraine than in the Netherlands. No support is found for the assumption that the ratio across the highest and lowest earning HRH occupations is similar between countries: it varies from 2.0 in Sweden to 9.7 in Brazil. Moreover, an increase in the percentage of women in an occupation has a large downward effect on its wage rank.ConclusionsThis article breaks new ground by investigating for the first time the wage levels, ranking, and dispersion of occupational groups in the HRH workforce across countries. The explorative findings illustrate that the assumption of similarity in cross-country wage ranking holds, but that wage dispersion and wage levels are not similar. These findings might contribute to the policies for health workforce composition and the planning of healthcare provisions.Abstract in SpanishAntecedentesEste artículo representa el primer intento de explorar la remuneración de los Recursos Humanos para la Salud (RHS), la comparación de los niveles salariales, clasificación, y dispersión de los 16 grupos de trabajo en 20 países (Argentina, Belarús, Bélgica, Brasil, Chile, Colombia, la República Checa, Finlandia, Alemania, India, México, los Países Bajos, Polonia, la Federación de Rusia, la República de Sudáfrica, España, Suecia, Ucrania, el Reino Unido, y los Estados Unidos de América (EEUU)). El objetivo principal es analizar en qué medida los rankings de salarios, niveles estandarizados de salarios, y la dispersión salarial es similar entre los 16 grupos de trabajo y en los países seleccionados y qué factores se puede demostrar relacionados con las diferencias que surjan.MétodosLos datos agrupados de la continua encuesta mundial, multilingüe WageIndicator por Internet entre 2008 y 2011 (para determinadas ocupaciones de RHS, n=49,687) se han agrupado en un archivo de datos con los valores de la remuneración promedio o media para 300 células de ocupación/país. Los salarios por hora se expresan en estandarizados dólares estadounidenses (USD), todos controlados por la paridad del poder adquisitivo (PPP) e indexados a los niveles de 2011.ResultadosEl ranking salarial de 16 grupos ocupacionales de RHS es bastante similar en todos los países. En general los médicos tienen los más altos y los trabajadores de atención personal los más bajos salarios medios. Los niveles salariales varían en gran medida para los profesionales de Enfermería y Partería. Los gerentes de salud tienen menores ingresos que los médicos en todos los países examinados excepto en seis. Las mayores diferencias salariales se encuentran entre los médicos, que ganan 20 veces menos en Ucrania que en los EEUU, y los trabajadores de cuidado personal, que ganan nueve veces menos en Ucrania que en los Países Bajos. No se ha encontrado apoyo a que exista la supuesta relación entre los índices de salarios más altos y más bajos de las profesiones RHS entre estos países, sino que varía de 2,0 a 9,7 en Suecia en Brasil. Además, cuando existe un alto porcentaje de mujeres en ciertas profesiones hay una baja en su rango salarial.ConclusionesEste artículo abre nuevas fronteras al investigar por primera vez los niveles salariales, la clasificación, y la dispersión de los grupos ocupacionales de la fuerza de trabajo SAR entre ciertos países. Los hallazgos exploratorios muestran que la hipótesis de la similitud en el ranking de salarios entre países se mantiene, son sólo la dispersión de los salarios y los niveles salariales que no son similares. Estos hallazgos podrían contribuir a las políticas para la composición del personal sanitario y a la planificación de las medidas de servicios de la salud.Abstract in germanHintergrundDieser Artikel stellt den ersten Versuch dar, einen Einblick in die Vergütung (Lohnniveau, -ranking und –verteilung) von 16 Berufsgruppen aus dem Gesundheitsbereich (HRH) in 20 Ländern (Argentinien, Belarus, Belgien, Brasilien, Chile, Kolumbien, Tschechien, Finnland, Deutschland, Indien, Mexiko, den Niederlanden, Polen, Russische Föderation, Republik Südafrika (RSA), Spanien, Schweden, Ukraine, Vereinigtes Königreich (UK), und Vereinigte Staaten von Amerika (USA)) zu erhalten. Hauptziel ist es, zu prüfen, inwieweit sich die 16 Berufsgruppen und ausgewählten Länder im Hinblick auf das standardisierte Lohnniveau, das Lohn-Ranking und die Lohnverteilung ähnlich sind, und welche Faktoren für die beobachteten Unterschiede verantwortlich gemacht werden können.MethodeDie gepoolten Daten der kontinuierlichen, weltweiten und mehrsprachigen WageIndicator- Onlineumfrage zwischen 2008 und 2011 (für ausgewählte HRH Berufe N = 49.687) wurden zu einer Datei aggregiert, die die Vergütung für 300 Beruf/Land-Zellen in Median- oder Mittelwert-Werten angibt. Die Stundenlöhne wurden in standardisierten US-Dollar (USD) unter Kontrolle der Kaufkraftparität (PPP) angegeben und sind auf dem Niveau von 2011 indexiert.ErgebnisseDie Analyse zeigt, dass das Lohnranking der16 HRH Berufsgruppen zwischen den Ländern vergleichbar ist. In allen Ländern haben Ärzte die höchste und persönliche Betreuungskräfte die niedrigsten mittleren Löhne. Es zeigt sich jedoch auch, dass große Länderunterschiede hinsichtlich des Lohnniveaus von professionellen Krankenpflegern und Geburtshelfern bestehen. Mit Ausnahme von 6 der 20 Länder erzielen Manager im Gesundheitswesen geringere Erträge als Ärzte. Die größten Lohnunterschiede sind für die Berufsgruppe der Ärzte zu beobachten: ukrainische Ärzte verdienen 20-Mal weniger als ihre US-amerikanischen Kollegen. Ein ähnliches Ergebnis zeigt sich auch für individuelle Pflegekräfte in der Ukraine, die 9-mal weniger verdienen als die gleiche Berufsgruppe in den Niederlanden. Die Analyse widerlegt die Annahme, dass das Verhältnis zwischen den höchsten und niedrigsten HRH-Berufen über die Länder hinweg vergleichbar ist: Der Wert variiert zwischen 2.0 in Schweden und 9.7 in Brasilien. Darüber hinaus zeigt sich,dass ein ansteigender Prozentsatz von Frauen zu einer starken Herabstufung im Lohnrang der betreffenden Berufsgruppe führt.SchlussfolgerungenDieser Artikel beschreibt zum ersten Mal die Ähnlichkeiten und Unterschiede bezüglich des Lohnniveaus, des Lohnrankings und der Lohnverteilung von 16 HRH-Berufsgruppen für 20 ausgewählte Länder. Er untersuch des Weiteren mögliche Einflussfaktoren. Die explorativen Befunde bestätigen die Annahme eines ähnlichen/vergleichbaren Lohnrankings in den untersuchten Ländern, während das Lohnniveau und die Lohnverteilung zwischen den Ländern nicht vergleichbar sind. Diese Erkenntnisse könnten dazu beitragen, Richtlinien und Politiken für die Zusammensetzung des Gesundheitspersonals sowie die Planung der Gesundheitsversorgung zu entwickeln.


Archive | 2013

Information and Communication Technology (ICT)

Maarten van Klaveren; K. Tijdens; Denis Gregory

In this chapter we concentrate on services closely related to the information and communication technology (ICT) sector. We have already dealt in Chapter 3 with the manufacturing sub-sectors related to ICT. One has to be aware that the division between ICT services and ICT-related manufacturing remains rather arbitrary, in particular because of the existence of large multinational enterprises (MNEs) that integrate these two activities. We used a ‘50 per cent plus’ rule here,1 which although objective remains arbitrary. Moreover, various publications and statistics, like the OECD Information Technology Outlook, combine reporting about ICT services and manufacturing. According to the latest edition of this Outlook (2010), ICT services and manufacturing sales fell over 6 per cent in 2009 in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries, but for 2010 growth was expected to recover to 3-4 per cent. The OECD pointed out that the crisis sharpened the relocation trend for ICT manufacturing that had been under way since 1995 to 2008, resulting in a stagnation of ICT manufacturing growth in the overall OECD area. Where growth in the OECD area did take place, it was concentrated in South Korea and Japan. At the same time, the value added in ICT services in the OECD area as a whole grew by 6 per cent p.a. between 1995 and 2008, which in turn was stronger than that for value added in commercial services as a whole (4.8 per cent). According to the OECD, in 2009–2010 ICT services firms in the OECD area ‘weathered the crisis much better than manufacturing firms’. In particular Internet-related services have recently shown almost constant growth; for instance, even in the crisis year of 2009, sales of the world’s ten largest Internet firms increased by 10 per cent (OECD 2010).


Equality, Diversity and Inclusion | 2012

Gender differences in academic careers: evidence for a Dutch university from personnel data 1990-2006

Sandra Groeneveld; K. Tijdens; Daphne van Kleef

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine gender differences in promotion probabilities of the academic staff of a large university in The Netherlands, taking into account the sex segregated context of the faculty.Design/methodology/approach – The study uses records of the universitys personnel information system from 1990 to 2006, covering the data of 1,792 employees in the academic ranks who have entered since 1990. Cox regression models are used to test three hypotheses.Findings – The findings show that women have lower promotion probabilities than men. The gender differences are primarily explained by differences in years of service and external mobility, and not by the sex segregated context of the faculty. A higher share of women decreases the odds of being promoted for both men and women. Gender differences in working hours do not explain the gender differences in promotion probabilities.Originality/value – The paper adds to the existing literature because event history analyses have hardl...


Time & Society | 2007

How many hours do you usually work? An analysis of the working hours questions in 26 large-scale surveys in six countries and the European Union

K. Tijdens; Anna Dragstra

This article reviews how working hours are asked for in 26 large-scale surveys in six countries plus the European Union. Four dimensions of working time were investigated, notably number of working hours, timing of work, predictability and control over hours, and commuting time. Although almost all questionnaires ask for hours worked, the terminology varies greatly. In only half of the cases a reference period is taken into account and in half the reasons for working more/less in the survey week than usual are asked for. Contractual hours are hardly asked for and so are paid and unpaid overtime hours. The timing of work is asked for in a minority of the questionnaires, and predictability and control over working hours is also not a major issue. The incidence of an on-call contract is the most likely proxy for predictability.


European Journal of Training and Development | 2012

Measuring work activities and skill requirements of occupations: experiences from a European pilot study with a web-survey

K. Tijdens; Judith De Ruijter; Esther de Ruijter

Purpose – The purpose of this article is to evaluate a method for measuring work activities and skill requirements of 160 occupations in eight countries, used in EurOccupations, an EU‐FP6 project. Additionally, it aims to explore how the internet can be used for measuring work activities and skill requirements.Design/methodology/approach – For the 160 occupations, work activities were described in approximately ten tasks. Occupational experts and jobholders were invited to rate these tasks and to indicate the skill requirements, using a multilingual web‐survey. Experts were recruited through the networks of the project partners and jobholders through frequently visited websites in the eight countries. The effectiveness of the drafting of tasks descriptions, the recruitment of raters, and the measurement of skill requirements is evaluated.Findings – The project showed that tasks descriptions for a wide range of occupations and countries can be drafted relatively easy, using desk research. Conducting a web‐...

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J. Besamusca

University of Amsterdam

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Bram Steijn

Erasmus University Rotterdam

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