Kab Yeul Jang

Comparative Genomics of the Mating-Type Loci of the Mushroom Flammulina velutipes Reveals Widespread Synteny and Recent Inversions

Background Mating-type loci of mushroom fungi contain master regulatory genes that control recognition between compatible nuclei, maintenance of compatible nuclei as heterokaryons, and fruiting body development. Regions near mating-type loci in fungi often show adapted recombination, facilitating the generation of novel mating types and reducing the production of self-compatible mating types. Compared to other fungi, mushroom fungi have complex mating-type systems, showing both loci with redundant function (subloci) and subloci with many alleles. The genomic organization of mating-type loci has been solved in very few mushroom species, which complicates proper interpretation of mating-type evolution and use of those genes in breeding programs. Methodology/Principal Findings We report a complete genetic structure of the mating-type loci from the tetrapolar, edible mushroom Flammulina velutipes mating type A3B3. Two matB3 subloci, matB3a that contains a unique pheromone and matB3b, were mapped 177 Kb apart on scaffold 1. The matA locus of F. velutipes contains three homeodomain genes distributed over 73 Kb distant matA3a and matA3b subloci. The conserved matA region in Agaricales approaches 350 Kb and contains conserved recombination hotspots showing major rearrangements in F. velutipes and Schizophyllum commune. Important evolutionary differences were indicated; separation of the matA subloci in F. velutipes was diverged from the Coprinopsis cinerea arrangement via two large inversions whereas separation in S. commune emerged through transposition of gene clusters. Conclusions/Significance In our study we determined that the Agaricales have very large scale synteny at matA (∼350 Kb) and that this synteny is maintained even when parts of this region are separated through chromosomal rearrangements. Four conserved recombination hotspots allow reshuffling of large fragments of this region. Next to this, it was revealed that large distance subloci can exist in matB as well. Finally, the genes that were linked to specific mating types will serve as molecular markers in breeding.

Changes of Enzyme Activities and Compositions of Abnormal Fruiting Bodies Grown under Artificial Environmental Conditions in Pleurotus ostreatus.

Abstract This study investigated the biochemical changes of abnormal fruiting bodies grown under artificial environmental conditions in P. ostreatus. Abnormal mushroom growth during cultivation damages the production of good quality mushroom. This study showed that different environmental conditions produced morphological changes in the fruiting bodies of P. ostreatus. The fruiting bodies with morphological changes were collected and examined for differences in biochemical properties, enzyme activities, and carbohydrates composition. The enzyme activities assay showed that glucanase and chitinase activities decreased when the temperature was below or above the optimum cultivation temperature for P. ostreatus. The biochemical compositions of the abnormal mushroom were significantly different from the normal fruiting bodies. It was suggested that the changes in the biochemical composition of abnormal mushroom were caused by the unfavorable environmental conditions during mushroom cultivation.

Development trend of the mushroom industry

세계의 버섯 생산량은 매년 10-20% 증가해 왔으며 다품목화 되어가고 있다. 최근에는 큰느타리, 백령느타리 등이 새로운 품목으로 재배 면적이 증가하고 있다. 특히 중국은 2002년 870만 톤으로 세계생산량 71.5%를 차지하였다. 한국도 유사한 경향을 나타내고 있다. 우리나라에서는 고려시대 저술한 김부식의 삼국사기(114...

Genome-wide Single Nucleotide Polymorphism-based Assay for Phylogenetic Relationship of the Flammulina velutipes

Genome-wide reanalyzed data of 25 Flammulina strains were compared against the reference genome (KACC42780) to establish a genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP). The rate of mapping differences between the strains reflected in the strain variation in its result. Genome-wide SNPs distribution divided into types of homozygous SNP and heterozygous SNP moreover all of the strains demonstrated a wide variation in all of the regions. In the further study of topological relationship between the collected strains, phylogenetic tree was separated into 3 major groups. Group I contained F. velutipes var. related strains of ASI 4062, 4148, 4195. Group 2 contained strains that are different species of ASI 4188 F. elastica, ASI 4190 F. fennae, and ASI 4194 F. rossica. The other 19 strains F. velutipes were classified as a single group. However, further experiment to discriminate its genetic relationship between the white group and brown group did not verify its validity. The inferred tree exhibited a phylogenetic relationship between Korea white fruitbody forming strains of ASI 4210, 4166, 4178 and Japan white fruitbody forming strains of ASI 4209, 4167 confirmed to be genetically closely related.

Nuclear DNA inheritance of intraspecific somatic hybrids by mono-mono cross in Pleurotus ostreatus based on URP-PCR analysis

The primary objective of the present study is the characterization of the somatic hybrids of dikaryon-monokaryon (dimono) crosses in mushroom breeding. We employed this technique for developing superior strains from Pleurotus ostreatus strains with 48 intraspecific hybrids of 12 combinations between six P. ostreatus strains and one P. florida strain. The results on the experiments of hybridization rate, nuclear DNA patterns, and colors and morphology of fruit-bodies, are presented. In di-mono crosses, somatic hybrids among Pleurotus strains showed 100% of crossability as seen in those between P. ostreatus and P. florida strains indicating that the nuclei of a dikaryon is inferred to be migrated to a recipient. 87.5% of the somatic hybrids among Pleurotus strains were similar to the donor dikaryons, and 12.5% of the somatic hybrids presented DNA patterns of both parents. In 16.6% of di-mono crosses between P. ostreatus and P. florida, the nuclear DNA patterns of all hybrids showed the same or similar patterns compared to the donor dikaryons. 70.9% of the hybrids between P. ostreatus and P. ostreatus were similar to the donor dikaryons and 12.5% of them presented the DNA patterns of both parents. 79.2% of fruiting body morphology of the hybrids among Pleurotus strains were similar to the dikaryons and 20.8% of them were similar to both parents. Interestingly, the morphology of all dikaryons were dissimilar each other. All hybrid strains between dikaryon P. florida and monokaryon P. ostreatus showed the fruiting body of which colors were similar to those of the dikaryon, while the hybrids between dikaryon P. ostreatus and monokaryon P. florida were showed the combined colors of both parents. Therefore, the fruiting body color of P. florida tends to be generally dominant. In conclusion, the present study provides a way to find out and suggest superior hybrid strains using the nuclear DNA patterns of hybrids between Pleurotus strains as well as the characteristics of their fruiting bodies. The advantages of the di-mono crossing are needs to be fully utilized in mushroom breeding because it is an ideal way to develop the superior strains of Pleurotus.

Investigation on ecological habitats in Armillaria gallica mushrooms

Armillaria gallica was ecologically surveyed to investigate its relationship with Gastrodia elata in cultivation areas of Korea in 2012. In the observation made around October 17 in the area of Namyangju (Gyeonggi), Sangju (Gyeongbuk) and Gimcheon (Gyeongbuk) in Korea, the fruit bodies of A. gallica were consistently found near the cultivation areas of Gastrodia elata across these cultivation areas. Since the temperature and rainfall have been considered as important factors of fruiting of A. gallica, we checked the temperature and rainfall around two weeks ago of mushroom fruiting. The average temperature of all cultivation areas was (the lowest temp.: , the highest temp.: ) and the annual rainfall was 0.5~1.0mm on October 10 which can be compared to 2.5~4.5mm on October 17. Fruiting bodies were generally developed at weedy field in which G. elata were cultivated five years ago. The field was inclined 15 degrees, east-facing and consists of loam. The fruit bodies were formed on both sides of a small ditch between the Gastrodia elata cultivation fields and neighboring fields, and the areas were common weeds and moisture at all times. The fruiting bodies were growing above the soil rather than oak wood. Gregarious, but also occurs to 1-5 fruiting bodies occur sporadically. Results observed in detail the growing areas, some fruit bodies were developed along the black and thick rhizomorph formation.

Studies on the Effect of Vinyl Mulching on Pleurotus Cultivation - Bunch Formation on Pleurotus sajor-caju (III) -

Perforated vinyl mulching technique was performed on Pleurotus sajor-caju beds to assess fruitbody formation. Individual fruitbody of P. sajor-caju was transformed into bunch type on vinyl mulching bed. It was effective to grow the mushroom without waterlogging and abortion of small pins on the beds as well as hygienical bed management. A bunch showed 79 fruitbodies and 225 g of weight. Available site for fruiting was reduced up to 20% in comparison of 100% for conventional bed. The color of fruitbody turned on brownish white from treated vinyl mulching bed.