Kaiyun Yang

Personal exposure to fine particulate matter and benzo[a]pyrene from indoor air pollution and leukocyte mitochondrial DNA copy number in rural China

Households in Xuanwei and Fuyuan, China, possess hazardous levels of fine particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter <2.5 microns (PM2.5) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from coal combustion. Previous studies found that increased exposure to PM2.5 and benzo[a]pyrene (BaP; a PAH) were associated with decreased mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNAcn), a marker of oxidative stress. We further evaluated these associations in a cross-sectional study of 148 healthy non-smoking women from Xuanwei and Fuyuan. Personal exposure to PM2.5 and BaP was measured using portable devices. MtDNAcn was measured using qPCR amplification of leukocyte DNA that was collected after air measurements. Linear regression models were used to estimate the associations between personal exposure to PM2.5 and BaP, and mtDNAcn adjusted for age, body mass index (BMI) and fuel type. We found inverse associations between exposure to PM2.5 and BaP, and mtDNAcn. Each incremental log-μg/m3 increase in PM2.5 was associated with a significant decrease in mtDNAcn of -10.3 copies per cell [95% confidence interval (95% CI): -18.6, -2.0; P = 0.02]. Additionally, each log-ng/m3 increase in BaP was associated with a significant decrease in mtDNAcn of -5.4 copies per cell (95% CI: -9.9, -0.8, P = 0.02). Age, BMI, fuel type and coal mine type were not significantly associated with mtDNAcn. Exposure to PM2.5 and BaP may alter mitochondrial dynamics in non-smoking Chinese women. MtDNAcn may be a potential mediator of indoor air pollution on chronic disease development.

Subcellular distribution and genotoxicity of silica nanoparticles in human bronchial epithelial cells

BACKGROUND Silicon nanoparticles are widely used in daily life. Therefore, they attract increased attention because of their potential biotoxicity to the lungs when inhaled. The aims of this study are to explore the organism distribution and genotoxicity of silica nanoparticles in human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B). METHODS The biodistribution of silica with different particle sizes in human bronchial epithelial cells was observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). DNA damage was detected by single-cell gel electrophoresis (comet assay). RESULTS TEM revealed that SiO₂ nanoparticles with different sizes can be uptaken by cells and be localized in the cytoplasm and the nucleus. Compared with micro-silica, nano-silica in BEAS-2B cells can inflict more severe DNA damage (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS The particle size of silica nanoparticles can be used to determine their distribution in biological cells. Compared with micro-silica, nano-silica has higher genotoxicity.

Research on fast track surgery application in lung cancer surgery

背景与目的 快速康复外科(fast track surgery, FTS)通过减少手术病人生理和心理的创伤应激, 从而达到病人快速康复的目的。本研究旨在探讨FTS技术在肺癌手术中应用的可行性。 方法 选取80例适合单叶肺叶切除手术治疗的肺癌患者, 随机分为实验组及对照组, 实验组接受FTS方案治疗、对照组接受传统方法治疗。比较两组术后不同时间的疼痛程度、肺不张发生率、胸腔积液发生率、术后住院时间及住院总费用。 结果 FTS方案组:术后1 h、6 h、12 h、24 h、48 h疼痛VAS评分均明显低于传统治疗组; 肺不张发生率为10.53%, 胸腔积液发生率为26.31%, 术后住院时间(4±1)d, 住院总费用(1.56 ±0.76)万元。对照组:肺不张发生率为33.33%, 胸腔积液发生率为22.22%, 术后住院时间(9±1)d, 总费用(2.36 ±0.54)万元。两组比较:术后疼痛程度(视觉模拟评分)明显低于对照组, 差异有统计学意义(P < 0.01);肺不张发生率(P=0.035), 住院时间(P=0.021)及住院总费用(P=0.024)的组间差异均有统计学意义; 胸腔积液发生率的组间差异无统计学意义(P=0.223)。 结论 FTS方案的应用可有效促进肺癌患者术后的康复, 减少术后并发症发生, 缩短住院时间, 降低住院费用。BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Fast track surgery (FTS) is a systematical method to accelerate the recovery of surgical patients by reducing the physical and mental trauma stress of them. The research is to investigate the feasibility of FTS application in lung cancer surgery. METHODS A total of 80 cases of lung cancer patients with single leaf lobotomy resection were randomized into two groups. While the experimental group was treated with the conception of FTS, and the control group was treated with the traditional methods. The incident rate of post-operation pain degrees, telecasts, pleural effusion, the post-operation time stay in hospital time and the total cost during hospitalization in two groups were compared respectively. RESULTS In FTS group: the VAS score of post-operation pain at 1 h, 6 h, 12 h, 24 h and 48 h all significantly decreased compared to the traditional therapy group. The incidence rate of telecast was 10.53%. The incidence rate of pleural effusion was 26.31%. The length of stay after operation was (4 +/- 1) d and the total cost was RMB 15 600 +/- 7 600. In the control group, the above values were 77.78%, 33.33%, 22.22%, (9 +/- 1) d, RMB 23 600 +/- 5 400, respectively. The post operation pain (VAS method) of FTS group was remarkablely below the control group. There has significant difference of the incident rate of telecasts, stay time in hospital and the total cast in two groups (P < 0.05). No significant difference was observed in the incident rate ofpleural effusion. CONCLUSION The new methods of FTS can apparently accelerates recovery after lung cancer resection, reduces complications, shorten timestay in hospital and cut down the total cost.

Effects of Benzoapyrene on migration and invasion of lung cancer cells functioning by TNF-α

In this study, we attempted to find out the underlying mechanism of Benzoapyrene and metastasis of lung cancer cells. We also did experiments to testify the connection between BaP and its potential target, TNF‐α. Cell median lethal dose (IC50) of both cells was measured by crystal violet method. Quantitative real‐time reverse transcription PCR (qRT‐PCR) and Western blot were employed to detect the expression of TNF‐α. Wound healing assay and transwell assay were utilized to testify the impacts of BaP and TNF‐α on the metastasis of lung cancer cells. Cell death rate was elevated with the increase of BaP concentration. BaP increased the number of metastatic cells of lung cancer. The expressions of TNF‐α pathway‐associated protein (TNF‐α, NF‐kB [P65], Caspase3, and Caspase8) were enhanced by overexpressed BaP. TNF‐α shRNA suppressed the positive effects of BaP on migration and invasion of lung cancer cells. Our study validated the positive effects of BaP on the metastasis of lung cancer cells. We also revealed the instrumental role of TNF‐α in helping the development of lung cancer cells induced by BaP.

Expression of PANDA, LincRNA-p21, PUMA in lung tissues of lung cancer patients in the Xuanwei and non-Xuanwei areas of Yunnan Province

Aim: To study the expression of PANDA, LincRNA-p21, and PUMA in lung tissue of patients with lung cancer from Xuanwei of Yunnan Province. Methods: Forty-five cases of lung cancer patients from Xuanwei and 42 lung cancer cases from non-Xuanwei were enrolled. Extraction of RNA was done using the Trizol kit. Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR assay was done to obtain the relative expression. Results: Expressions of PANDA, LincRNA-p21, and PUMA in male and female patients or in squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma were not significantly different (P > 0.05). However, expression of LincRNA-p21 in Xuanwei patients was higher than non-Xuanwei patients (P < 0.05). Expression of PUMA in tumor tissue was lower than that in normal lung tissue (P < 0.05), and in Xuanwei patients was lower than non-Xuanwei patients (P < 0.05). In patients from non-Xuanwei regions, expression of LincRNA-p21 in patients with smoking index > 400 was higher than in those < 400 and non-smokers. Conclusion: Expressions of PANDA, LincRNA-p21, and PUMA in lung tissues have no gender differences or tissue specificity. High expression of LincRNA-p21 in Xuanwei patients may have relationship with cell damage caused by coal burning pollution in Xuanwei.

Abstract 5315: Dietary intake and risk of lung cancer in non-smoking women: a hospital-based case-control study in Xuanwei and Fuyuan, China

Xuanwei and Fuyuan are rural counties in China that have the highest lung cancer rates in the country among non-smoking women. This alarming public health burden has been attributed to the combustion of smoky (bituminous) coal for heating and cooking, which can produce carcinogenic emissions such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Previous studies found that green leafy vegetables could absorb PAHs through air and direct soil contamination. Further, oral ingestion of PAHs was found be to associated with pulmonary adenoma development in animal feeding studies. Therefore, we investigated the associations between lung cancer risk and dietary intake of specific green leafy vegetables and other foods in non-smoking women of this farming region. We conducted a hospital-based case-control study of 1,074 female lung cancer patients and 977 frequency-matched controls from Xuanwei and Fuyuan, China in 2006-2013. Dietary intake was self-reported on questionnaires and categorized as never, several times/year, several times/month, several times/week, and every day. Unconditional logistic regression models were used to estimate the odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of lung cancer in relation to intake of specific green leafy vegetables (i.e. lettuce, cabbage, fennel, spinach, hollow vegetables), corn, buckwheat, carrots, tomatoes, dried and fresh chili, pickled vegetables, bean curd, mushrooms, and preserved meats. Models were adjusted for age, county, first-degree relative with lung cancer, passive smoke exposure, education, lifetime smoky coal tonnage, respiratory disease history, time spent indoors, and menopausal status. Separate models were fitted for each dietary factor. We found that increased consumption of several green leafy vegetables was associated with increased risk of lung cancer. Eating hollow vegetables every day was associated with 2.50 (95% CI: 1.18, 5.27) times the odds of lung cancer compared to never. Similarly, eating lettuce (OR=2.13, 95% CI: 1.41, 3.21) and cabbage (OR=1.82, 95% CI: 1.21, 2.69) every day was associated with increased risks compared to several times a year or less. Conversely, eating bean curd (OR=0.54, 95% CI: 0.40, 0.72) several times a week was associated with decreased risk compared to several times a year or less; while eating buckwheat (OR=0.59, 95% CI: 0.40, 0.89) several times a week was associated with decreased risk compared to never. No significant associations were found for fennel, spinach, and other foods. Our findings suggest that increased consumption of a variety of green leafy vegetables may be related to elevated lung cancer risk in non-smoking women from Xuanwei and Fuyuan, China, independent of other risk factors. The increased risk may be due to environmental contamination of crops from coal combustion. Conversely, frequent consumption of bean curd and buckwheat was found to be protective. Citation Format: Jason Y. Wong, Bryan A. Bassig, Wei Hu, Jinming Zhang, Wei Jie Seow, Neil E. Caporaso, Bu-tian Ji, Robert S. Chapman, George S. Downward, Jihua Li, Jun He, Kaiyun Yang, Yunchao Huang, Roel Vermeulen, Nathaniel Rothman, Qing Lan. Dietary intake and risk of lung cancer in non-smoking women: a hospital-based case-control study in Xuanwei and Fuyuan, China [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 5315. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-5315

Study of the Changes on Tree Shrew Bronchial Epithelium Induced by Xuanwei Bituminous Coal Dust

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Lung cancer is the type of cancer with the highest incidence and mortality in numerous countries and regions. Establishing an appropriate animal model that can be used to simulate lung cancer etiology, pathogenesis, and similar processes, is urgent. We explore the feasibility of establishing a lung cancer model induced by Xuanwei bituminous coal dust PM10 (particulate matter with diameters of 10 μm or less), which affects bronchial epithelium of tree shrews. METHODS The neck skin of adult tree shrews is dissected, and the thyroid cartilage is fully exposed. Subsequently, the weak part at the top of the thyroid cartilage is treated with intratracheal agents by perfusion via a special infusion needle puncture method. Regular X-ray examination and lung tissue biopsy were performed on the sacrificed animals to observe changes in pulmonary imaging and bronchial epithelial cells after perfusion of Xuanwei bituminous coal dust PM 10. RESULTS The tree shrews of the experimental group (exposed to bituminous coal dust) died in a week after perfusion with PM10, whereas no animal died until the end of the experiment in the blank control and the solvent control groups. Sections of lung tissue biopsy of the regularly killed tree shrews were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. The lung tissues of tree shrews in the experimental group showed a serial changes caused by bronchial epithelial hyperplasia, such as squamous metaplasia, dysplasia, and early invasive carcinoma, whereas no significant pathological changes were observed in the blank control and solvent control groups. CONCLUSIONS Endotracheal infusion of Xuanwei bituminous coal dust PM10 induces lung cancer in tree shrews. Thus, the lung cancer model was established.
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