Karl Roberts

Organisational and procedural justice: a review of the literature and its implications for policing

Organisational justice and procedural justice are complementary concepts that relate to the way individuals make judgments about fairness and outcomes when considering their interactions with others. Organisational justice and procedural justice comprise largely the same concepts, although their foci are different. Inwardly facing organisational justice is particularly concerned with the implications of justice judgments on staff attitudes, staff retention, workplace relations, productivity and performance. Outwardly facing procedural justice is—in the context of this paper—concerned with the interactions between police organisations and the public. This paper reports on the findings of a systematic review of the literature examining organisational and procedural justice in policing. We searched three comprehensive databases for literature on these themes. Fifty-seven empirical items were returned; five relating to organisational justice and police organisations, and 52 exploring procedural justice and police–public interactions. We explore this literature, and consider the implications for policing. We do so to set the scene for the other papers in this special edition. We conclude by noting that the extant literature has much to help police organisations better manage their internal and external relations, but that further effort should be made to turn empirically sound and theoretically interesting research into easily digestible and practically applicable models for police practitioners at all levels of the organisation.

Young women's experiences of intrusive behavior in 12 countries.

The present study provides international comparisons of young womens (N = 1,734) self-reported experiences of intrusive activities enacted by men. Undergraduate psychology students from 12 countries (Armenia, Australia, England, Egypt, Finland, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Portugal, Scotland, and Trinidad) indicated which of 47 intrusive activities they had personally experienced. Intrusive behavior was not uncommon overall, although large differences were apparent between countries when womens personal experiences of specific intrusive activities were compared. Correlations were carried out between self-reported intrusive experiences, the Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM), and Hofstedes dimensions of national cultures. The primary associations were between womens experiences of intrusive behavior and the level of power they are afforded within the 12 countries. Women from countries with higher GEM scores reported experiencing more intrusive activities relating to courtship and requests for sex, while the experiences of women from countries with lower GEM scores related more to monitoring and ownership. Intrusive activities, many of them constituent of harassment and stalking, would appear to be widespread and universal, and their incidence and particular form reflect national level gender inequalities.

Police interviews with terrorist suspects: risks, ethical interviewing and procedural justice

Purpose – Police interviews with terrorist suspects are perhaps one of the most challenging interviews a police officer will experience. The purpose of this paper is to explore the social context of these interviews and the impact that this might have upon the way in which police officers carry them out, including the use of robust, even aggressive tactics.Design/methodology/approach – Risks associated with police interview tactics are identified, including obtaining unreliable information, problems with suspect cooperation and the potential impact upon communities including problems with the perceived legitimacy of the police and community cooperation.Findings – Ways of mitigating the risks are considered including improving police officer cultural awareness, a consideration of interview tactics and the use of ethical interview approaches such as the planning and preparation, engage and explain, account, closure, evaluation interview model and conversation management.Originality/value – The impact of the...

Towards a Psychologically Oriented Motivational Model of Honour-Based Violence

The aim of this chapter is to present a psychologically oriented, motivational model of honour-based violence (HBV) perpetration. It briefly considers existing theories of HBV and identifies some of their shortcomings, especially their failure to account for some of the empirical evidence concerning HBV perpetration, including violence against men. It then proposes an alternative theoretical framework (the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB); Ajzen, 1991, 2001, 2011) that can be applied to explain individual motivation to commit an act of HBV. It argues that the TPB model accounts more readily than gender-exclusive or culturally based explanations for the perpetration of violence justified by claims of honour.

Honor-Based Violence: Policing and Prevention

What Is Honor-Based Violence? Defining Honor-Based Violence Crime Types Associated With HBV Impact of HBV Explanatory Theories of Honor-Based Violence Cultural Theories of HBV HBV as Male Violence Psychological Models of HBV The Role of the Environment/Situation Theory of Planned Behavior and HBV Effective Investigation of Honor-Based Violence 1: Primary Investigation Law Enforcement Responsibilities First Report of an HBV Crime Location of the Victim Scenes of Crimes Victims Witnesses Suspects Supervision of Primary Investigations Effective Investigation of HBV 2: Secondary Investigation Specialist Investigators Crime Scene Considerations Forensic Considerations Pathology Victims Witnesses Suspects Overseas Offenses Use of Interpreters Effective Investigation of HBV 3: Secondary Investigation, Issues with Offense Types Homicide Sexual Offenses Domestic Violence Threats Kidnapping False Imprisonment Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) Offenses Stalking and Harassment Offenses Abroad Effective Investigation of HBV Offenses 4: Secondary Investigation, Family Liaison Officers, Supervision, and Prosecution Family Liaison Officers (FLOs) Supervision of Investigations Prosecution of HBV Offenses Use of Expert Evidence Use of Interpreters Immigration Status Risk Management: Victim Risk and Community Impact Assessment What Is Risk Management? Risk Management and HBV Community Impact Assessment Multiagency Working and HBV Developing Strategies HBV Lead Officer Health Professionals Education Childrens Social Services Adult Social Services Communication Strategies Barriers to Reporting HBV Stakeholders to Whom Communication Is Directed Methods of Communication Children and Honor-Based Violence Age Age and HBV Crime Type Reporting Offenses Missing Persons HBV Incidents Involving Children Intervention Multiagency Working Law Enforcement and the Investigation of Child HBV Crimes Concluding Remarks Defining HBV Explaining HBV Investigation, Risk Assessment, and Management of HBV Cultural Sensitivity and Managing HBV Communication Children and HBV References Index

Organisational and procedural justice: applying theory to police practice

This special issue of the Journal for Policing, Intelligence and Counter Terrorism brings together original empirical and conceptual works on organisational and procedural justice. In particular we focus on the implications of the extant literature for policing, and how police organisations can better manage their internal and external relations with stakeholders. The work contained in this special edition emanates from the International Colloquium on Organisational and Procedural Justice held at the Australian Institute of Police Management (AIPM) in October 2012. The Colloquium was a bilateral meeting of academics and senior policing practitioners from across the world, with the aim of discussing three key themes:

Stalking and harassment

Harassment and stalking affects, not only the survivor, but also the people closest to them. If someone you know has been stalked, the resources listed in this brochure are available to you as well. Here are some helpful ways to support a survivor of harassment and stalking: • Listen • Check in about safety • Take them seriously; believe them • Provide validation of their feelings • Suggest they document the behavior and keep a detailed log • Check on their support systems, offer OVA • Inform your friend they have rights and options to report to the police and or the university. • Support your friend in doing what they decide is best for them regarding reporting • Find a safe place to get support for yourself so you are able to talk about what has happened and how you feel about it

Adolescent Versus Adult Stalking: A Brief Review

ABSTRACT This practice update considers adolescent stalking. Adolescent stalking is an area of research that deserves further study, given findings from the adult stalking literature that suggest significant public health and legal consequences associated with these behaviors. However, very little is known about this phenomenon, its potential differentiation from adolescent dating violence or bullying, and directions to take for future research. A comprehensive review across five scientific databases yielded a total of nine peer-reviewed manuscripts incorporating varying sample sizes and adolescent populations. A synthesis of existing research suggests that adolescent stalking exists at levels at least as high as that documented among adults but appears to have some notable differences (e.g., behavioral patterns, risk factors) from stalking behaviors among adults. To date, there exists no published representative population-based study of adolescent stalking behaviors and its health and legal consequences. Future research is needed to determine accurate prevalence statistics and to differentiate characteristics and public health impact of adolescent stalking from dating violence and bullying.

Vulnerability as a Contemporary Challenge for Policing

Vulnerability is becoming an increasing concern in policy and legislation and as a focus for action in policing and criminal justice practice. Yet, concerns about the over-representation of vulnerable people in the criminal justice system are not new, with literature on the topic spanning more than five decades. What has come to the fore more recently, though, is a renewed conceptualisation and understanding of what vulnerability is when applied across disciplinary practices. Greater efforts at the operationalisation of vulnerability by practitioners in policing, justice and other areas of government have also expanded the reach of this organising concept.

Honour-Related Beliefs and Risk of Harm: Theory and Challenges for Policing

One of the main themes of this book is the idea that vulnerability, rather than being a fixed characteristic of individuals, is better considered as susceptibility to increased harm (Kotow 2003; see also Bartkowiak-Theron et al. in this collection). This is important as it suggests that individuals do not necessarily need to exhibit overt vulnerabilities such as physical or intellectual disabilities or mental health problems in order to be vulnerable. Essentially, everyone has the capacity to be vulnerable when placed in the right circumstances and becoming vulnerable is possible for those who would not ordinarily be regarded as such. Relevant to this perspective is the importance of situational characteristics. This is because the situation in which an individual finds him or herself may have characteristics that, in interaction with their personal characteristics (such as personality traits, attitudes and beliefs), may engender increased susceptibility to harm (Mishcel and Shoda 1995).