Kateřina Škařupová

The effect of smartphone use on trends in European adolescents’ excessive Internet use

ABSTRACT Despite growing public health concerns data on excessive Internet use (EIU) allowing for comparison between countries and over time are scarce. Our study is the first attempt to evaluate the changes and the impact of mobile access on EIU in Europe. It is based on data from 2 surveys of adolescents implemented in 2010 and 2013 in 7 European countries that used identical methodology; a total of 7663 adolescents were recruited by random stratified sampling. The levels of EIU were compared and a regression model was used to assess the impact of smart devices, the number of activities performed online, and the specific online applications. A small but significant increase of EIU levels was observed in Belgium, Denmark, Romania, the UK, and overall. Although smartphone use is a positive predictor of EIU, it is moderated by the increasing number of activities performed online. The increase in levels of EIU is also associated with the daily use of online games and social networking sites.

Excessive Internet Use and its association with negative experiences

The EIU scale is suitable short tool for use in large epidemiological surveys.The EIU score of 2.6 doubles the probability of behavioral and psychological problems.In adolescence, certain levels of EIU may rather be a symptom than primary disorder. Prevalence data on Internet addiction in Europe are rather scarce due to the lack of agreement on the definition and measurement of the concept. We define Excessive Internet Use (EIU) as such use of online applications that puts the user at risk of adverse consequences. In this paper, we present a cross-country quasi-validation of the five-item Excessive Internet Use scale that is suitable for use in general population surveys. We worked with EU Kids Online II data for children aged 11-16 in 25 European countries and used a set of regression models to assess the probabilities of various negative consequences for each EIU score. A consistent pattern was identified across Europe when controlling for country differences, suggesting good psychometric properties of the scale. Moreover, our results indicate that EIU in children may be a symptom of broader behavioral difficulties rather than a condition, per se.

Use of gelatine capsules for application of methamphetamine: A new harm reduction approach

BACKGROUND In order to reduce injecting drug use, low-threshold facilities in the Czech Republic have started to distribute empty gelatine capsules as an oral alternative of drug application for those injecting methamphetamine. This report reviews implementation of this intervention and its possible benefits and limitations. METHODS Between December 2008 and January 2009, 109 low-threshold facilities were asked to complete a questionnaire about the capsule programmes. Two focus groups were conducted, one with professionals involved in distribution and one with peer outreach workers who were interviewed on their experience of using the capsules. RESULTS A total of 50 facilities (46%) responded to the questionnaire; 16 (32%) distributed the capsules regularly and 19 (38%) were planning to introduce this practice. The main target groups were injecting users of methamphetamine whose veins had been damaged, and methamphetamine users wishing to reduce injecting. The advantages of capsules, as perceived by service staff and peer outreach workers, were their easy use and the satisfactory effect of the oral application; health risks related to the oral use of methamphetamine were considered drawbacks. CONCLUSION Capsule distribution is a promising harm reduction approach for injectors of methamphetamine or other stimulants; nonetheless its benefits and limitations should be further analysed in an in-depth longitudinal study.

Interpersonal dependency and online gaming addiction

Background and aims The present study explores the relationship between social motivations and addiction to online gaming and if that possible connection can be explained by the personality traits responsible for social functioning. Methods We employ Bernstein’s concept of interpersonal dependency to distinguish healthy dependency, dysfunctional detachment, and destructive overdependence, and Charlton and Danforth’s conceptualisation of online gaming addiction and high engagement. An online questionnaire was administered to a self-nominated sample of 4,074 online gamers. Two regression models were constructed to separately explain gaming addiction and high engagement using social motivations to play, while controlling for age, gender, and time spent online. Results High scores on subscales measuring dysfunctional detachment and destructive overdependence were positively associated with online gaming addiction, while healthy dependency was negatively correlated with addiction scores. In contrast, the overall role of social motivation was negligible. Discussion People with healthy relationship profiles are less likely to develop problematic patterns of online gaming. High in-game engagement, although sharing some factors with addiction, was only poorly explained by the study variables, suggesting the mutual exclusiveness of addiction and engagement.

Estimation of Problem Drug Users in Prague in 2011 from Low-threshold Data: Modified Capture-Recapture Method, Adjusted for Clients Avoiding Any Identification (Non-Coded Clients)

AIM Local prevalence estimates of problem drug use (PDU) are crucial in the process of assessment of drug situation and trends and for the planning of evidence-based policy responses. The aims of our study are twofold: to estimate the number of problem drug users (PDUs) in the Czech capital city in 2011, and to examine the usability of the capture-recapture method (CRM) modified for data from low-threshold programmes (LTPs) for drug users. METHOD Six independent LTPs provided data for analysis (SANANIM, Drop-in and Progressive, each of these providing one drop-in centre and one outreach programme). After adjustment of the standard CRM formula for cases without an individual identifier, the overlaps between programmes were calculated and the size of hidden population was estimated. RESULTS In total, it was estimated that there were 10,754 PDUs in Prague in 2011. The current estimate is in line with estimates obtained previously using another indirect standard approach - the multiplier method. CONCLUSION The modified version of CRM thus proved a reliable method for local PDU estimates.