Kathleen A Dixon

Dp44mT targets the AKT, TGF- β and ERK pathways via the metastasis suppressor NDRG1 in normal prostate epithelial cells and prostate cancer cells

Background:Effective treatment of prostate cancer should be based on targeting interactions between tumour cell signalling pathways and key converging downstream effectors. Here, we determined how the tumourigenic phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT), tumour-suppressive phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) pathways are integrated via the metastasis suppressor, N-myc downstream-regulated gene-1 (NDRG1). Moreover, we assessed how the novel anti-tumour agent, Dp44mT, may target these integrated pathways by increasing NDRG1 expression.Methods:Protein expression in Dp44mT-treated normal human prostate epithelial cells and prostate cancer cells (PC-3, DU145) was assessed by western blotting. The role of NDRG1 was examined by transfection using an NDRG1 overexpression vector or shRNA.Results:Dp44mT increased levels of tumour-suppressive PTEN, and decreased phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and SMAD2L, which are regulated by oncogenic Ras/MAPK signalling. Importantly, the effects of Dp44mT on NDRG1 and p-SMAD2L expression were more marked in prostate cancer cells than normal prostate epithelial cells. This may partly explain the anti-tumour selectivity of these agents. Silencing NDRG1 expression increased phosphorylation of tumourigenic AKT, ERK1/2 and SMAD2L and decreased PTEN levels, whereas NDRG1 overexpression induced the opposite effect. Furthermore, NDRG1 silencing significantly reduced the ability of Dp44mT to suppress p-SMAD2L and p-ERK1/2 levels.Conclusion:NDRG1 has an important role in mediating the tumour-suppressive effects of Dp44mT in prostate cancer via selective targeting of the PI3K/AKT, TGF-β and ERK pathways.

Musculoskeletal pain in overweight and obese children

This review seeks to provide a current overview of musculoskeletal pain in overweight and obese children. Databases searched were Academic Search Complete, CINAHL, Medline, Proquest Health and Medical Complete, Scopus, Google Scholar, SPORTDiscuss and Trove for studies published between 1 January 2000 and 30 December 2012. We used a broad definition of children within a 3- to 18-year age range. The search strategy included the following terms: obesity, morbid obesity, overweight, pain, musculoskeletal pain, child, adolescent, chronic pain, back pain, lower back pain, knee pain, hip pain, foot pain and pelvic pain. Two authors independently assessed each record, and any disagreement was resolved by the third author. Data were analysed using a narrative thematic approach owing to the heterogeneity of reported outcome measures. Ninety-seven records were initially identified using a variety of terms associated with children, obesity and musculoskeletal pain. Ten studies were included for thematic analysis when predetermined inclusion criteria were applied. Bone deformity and dysfunction, pain reporting and the impact of children being overweight or obese on physical activity, exercise and quality of life were the three themes identified from the literature. Chronic pain, obesity and a reduction in physical functioning and activity may contribute to a cycle of weight gain that affects a child’s quality of life. Future studies are required to examine the sequela of overweight and obese children experiencing chronic musculoskeletal pain.

The palliative care experiences of adults living in regional and remote areas of Australia : a literature review

Background: Regional and remote areas are often disadvantaged in terms of access to palliative care services. The impact of reduced access to services on people living in regional or remote areas of Australia is poorly understood. Objective: Identify and examine current literature relating to the palliative care experiences of adults living in regional and remote areas of Australia. Methods: CINAHL, Medline, PubMed, Cochrane Review Library and grey literature were searched using a combination of keywords. A thematic analysis was applied. Results: Thirteen articles were included in the final review. Poor access, relocation and hardship were identified as issues affecting participants. Conclusion: Limited literature was available addressing the palliative care experiences of adults living in regional and remote areas of Australia. To identify and address any inequities in palliative care provision and access, the experiences of palliative care patients living outside major cities need to be examined.

Unethical conduct by the nurse: A critical discourse analysis of Nurses Tribunal inquiries

The aim of this study was to uncover and critically examine hidden assumptions that underpin the findings of nurses’ unethical conduct arising from inquiries conducted by the Nurses Tribunal in New South Wales. This was a qualitative study located within a post-structural theoretical framework. Transcripts of five inquiries conducted between 1998 and 2003 were analysed using critical discourse analysis. The findings revealed two dominant discourses that were drawn upon in the inquiries to construct nurses’ conduct as unethical. These were discourses of trust and accountability. The way the nurses were spoken about during the inquiries was shaped by normalising judgements that were used to discursively position the nurse through narrative.

Enhancing access to and retention in the Bachelor of Nursing: a successful alternative.

Abstract This paper describes an innovative program to enhance access to the Bachelor of Nursing (BN) in the form of a nursing entrance test (NET). Discussion will focus on the NET as the means for enhancing access and retention. The results of a recent evaluation of the NET are discussed and used to demonstrate that the NET is an effective tool for the provision of access and retention in the Bachelor of Nursing for students who do not meet standard entry criteria.

Reporting of professional misconduct is influenced by nurses' level of education and managerial experience

Commentary on: Maurits EEM , de Veer AJE , Groenewegen PP , et al . Dealing with professional misconduct by colleagues in home care: a nationwide survey among nursing staff. BMC Nurs 2016;15:59.[OpenUrl][1] Professional misconduct by nurses (encompassing either impairment or incompetence) working in home-care is thought to occur frequently. Nurses are governed by regulatory frameworks, including professional codes relating to ethics and professional conduct that make it incumbent on them to report suspected or actual misconduct. Despite this, nurses experience difficulty in reporting.1 Reasons for under-reporting by healthcare professionals can include fear … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DBMC%2BNurs%26rft.volume%253D15%26rft.spage%253D59%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx