Katsuhiro Kondo

Incidence and Clinical Impact of Stent Fracture After Everolimus-Eluting Stent Implantation

Background—Stent fracture (SF) after drug-eluting stent implantation has recently become an important concern because of its potential association with in-stent restenosis and stent thrombosis. However, the incidence and clinical impact of SF after everolimus-eluting stent implantation remain unclear. Methods and Results—A total of 1035 patients with 1339 lesions undergoing everolimus-eluting stent implantation and follow-up angiography 6 to 9 months after index procedure were analyzed. SF was defined as complete or partial separation of the stent, as assessed by plain fluoroscopy or intravascular ultrasound during follow-up. We assessed the rates of SF and major adverse cardiac events, defined as cardiac death, myocardial infarction, stent thrombosis, and clinically driven target lesion revascularization within 9 months. SF was observed in 39 of 1339 lesions (2.9%) and in 39 of 1035 patients (3.8%). Ostial stent location and lesions with hinge motion, tortuosity, or calcification were independent predictors of SF. The rate of myocardial infarction and target lesion revascularization were significantly higher in the SF group than in the non-SF group (5.1% versus 0.4%; P=0.018 and 25.6% versus 2.0%; P<0.001, respectively). Stent thrombosis was more frequently observed in the SF group than in the non-SF group (5.1% versus 0.4%; P=0.018). Major adverse cardiac events within 9 months were significantly higher in the SF group than in the non-SF group (25.6% versus 2.3%; P<0.001). Conclusions—SF after everolimus-eluting stent implantation occurs in 2.9% of lesions and is associated with higher rate of major adverse cardiac events, driven by higher target lesion revascularization and stent thrombosis.

Bare Metal Stent Thrombosis and In-Stent Neoatherosclerosis

Background— Very late stent thrombosis (VLST) was reported to occur even in patients with bare metal stent (BMS) implantation, although the annual incidence of VLST after BMS was much lower than that after drug-eluting stent implantation. Pathophysiologic mechanisms of VLST after BMS implantation remain largely unknown. Methods and Results— From September 2002 to February 2010, we identified 102 patients with definite stent thrombosis (ST) of BMS and 42 control patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) unrelated to ST who underwent thrombus aspiration with histopathologic evaluation. There were 40 patients with early ST (EST, within 30 days), 20 patients with late ST (LST, between 31–365 days), and 42 patients with VLST (>1 year). Evidence for fragments of atherosclerotic plaques, such as foamy macrophages, cholesterol crystals, and thin fibrous cap, was more commonly seen in patients with EST (23%) and VLST (31%), whereas these findings were rarely observed in patients with LST (10%). Atherosclerotic fragments were predominantly seen in patients who had EST within 7 days or VLST beyond 3 years. The aspirated thrombi harvested from patients with ST and those with ACS were histologically indistinguishable from each other. Eosinophils were very rarely observed. Plasma level of total cholesterol and triglyceride were significantly higher in VLST cases with atherosclerotic fragments as compared with those without. Conclusions— Fragments of atherosclerotic plaque were highly prevalent in patients with VLST beyond 3 years. Disruption of in-stent neoatherosclerosis could play an important role in the pathogenesis of VLST of BMS occurring beyond 3 years after implantation.

Impact of multiple and long sirolimus-eluting stent implantation on 3-year clinical outcomes in the j-Cypher Registry.

OBJECTIVES Our aim was to study the relationships between total stent length (TSL) and long-term clinical outcomes after sirolimus-eluting stent (SES) implantation. BACKGROUND SES compared with bare-metal stent use for long lesion treatment is associated with reduced restenosis rates. METHODS Three-year follow-up data were available for 10,773 patients (14,651 lesions) that had been treated with only SES (Cypher, Cordis Corp., Warren, New Jersey) in the j-Cypher registry. Patients and lesions were divided into quartile groups: TSL per patient (Q1: 8 to 23 mm, Q2: 24 to 36 mm, Q3: 37 to 54 mm, Q4: 55 to 293 mm), and TSL per lesion (QA: 8 to 18 mm, QB: 19 to 23 mm, QC: 24 to 33 mm, QD: 34 to 150 mm). RESULTS In per-lesion data, longer TSL increased target lesion revascularization (TLR) rates but did not increase stent thrombosis rates (p = 0.2324). In per-patient data, the incidences of TLR remarkably increased with increasing TSL. Incidence of composite of death and myocardial infarction also increased with increasing TSL; however, after adjustment for baseline differences, there was no statistical significance. Definite stent thrombosis rate in group Q4 was significantly higher than in other groups, both unadjusted (hazard ratio: 1.770, p = 0.0081) and adjusted (hazard ratio: 1.727, p = 0.0122) for baseline differences. CONCLUSIONS TSL per lesion and patient had significantly impacts on TLR rates. Longer TSL per patient was associated with increased incidence of stent thrombosis through 3 years.

Primary percutaneous coronary intervention for acute myocardial infarction in the elderly aged ≥75 years†

Objectives: We aimed to see whether primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) benefits for ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) in the aged could be validated. Background: Primary PCI benefits in elderly patients with STEMI remain uncertain. Methods: We reviewed 947 consecutive patients treated with primary PCI for STEMI: 331 were aged ≥75 years (older) and 616 <75 years (younger). Results: The older group had higher percentage of renal insufficiency (7.9% vs. 3.1%, P = 0.0010), prior stroke (9.4% vs. 3.9%, P = 0.0006), 30‐day mortality rate (7.6% vs. 3.9%, P = 0.015), and cardiac mortality rate (6.6% vs. 3.7%, P = 0.045). Successful reperfusion rates were similarly high in both groups (90.0% and 92.7%, P = 0.16), despite the higher proportion of patients with door‐to‐balloon time >90 min (15% vs. 8.4%, P = 0.0016) in older patients. Successful compared with unsuccessful PCI significantly decreased 30‐day mortality rates in the older group (6.0% vs. 21%, P = 0.0018) and in the younger group (2.8% vs. 18%, P < 0.0001). When reperfusion was successful, cardiac mortality rate in older patients was not significantly greater than in younger patients (5.4% vs. 2.8%, P = 0.057). By multivariate analysis, unsuccessful reperfusion independently predicted 30‐day mortality (odds ratio, 4.04; 95% confidence interval, 1.79–9.12; P = 0.0008), whereas age ≥75 years (odds ratio, 1.00; 95% confidence interval, 0.41–2.41; P = 0.99) and door‐to‐balloon time >90 min (odds ratio, 1.78; 95% confidence interval, 0.76–4.20; P = 0.19) did not. Conclusions: Pre‐existing comorbidities characterize older patients developing STEMI. Aggressive PCI in older patients improves prognosis, and short door‐to‐balloon time is an important parameter conditioning the prognosis.

Safety of early exercise training after elective coronary stenting in patients with stable coronary artery disease

Background Early exercise after coronary stenting is considered to have a risk of stent thrombosis (ST). We investigate the safety of submaximal exercise training based on the Borg scale from the next day after coronary stenting. Methods We enrolled 2351 patients who underwent successful coronary stenting. They were divided into early exercise training (EET) group (n = 865) and control group (n = 1486). Submaximal exercise training based on the Borg scale was performed on the next day after coronary stenting and same degree exercise was continued more than two times a week after discharge. Primary endpoint was the incidence of ST. Secondary endpoint was major adverse cardiovascular event (death, myocardial infarction, and stroke), incidence of postoperative complications, and rate of exercise continuation. Results Exercise training was performed in 800 (92.5%) patients. No serious complication developed during and after exercise. Clinical follow-up data were obtained in 99% patients. At 30 days, there was no significant difference in the incidence of ST (0.58 vs. 0.47%, P = 0.73), major adverse cardiovascular event (1.4 vs. 1.3%, P = 0.72), and complication rate (6.9 vs. 7.3%, P =0.72). No exercise-related ST was found in either group. The rate of exercise continuation was significantly higher in the EET group (49.3 vs. 28.3%, P >0.001). Conclusion EET up to submaximal level based on the Borg scale from the day after elective coronary stenting does not increase the incidence of ST or postoperative complications.

Incidence and Clinical Impact of Stent Fracture After the Nobori Biolimus-Eluting Stent Implantation

Background Stent fracture (SF) after drug‐eluting stent implantation has become an important concern. The aim of this study was to assess the incidence, predictors, and clinical impact of SF after biolimus‐eluting stent. Methods and Results A total of 1026 patients with 1407 lesions undergoing the Nobori biolimus‐eluting stent implantation and follow‐up angiography within 9 months after index procedure were analyzed. SF was defined as complete or partial separation of the stent, as assessed by using plain fluoroscopy, intravascular ultrasound, or optical coherence tomography during the follow‐up. We assessed the rate of SF and the cumulative incidence of clinically driven target lesion revascularization and definite stent thrombosis within 9 months. SF was observed in 58 (4.1%) of 1407 lesions and 57 (5.5%) of 1026 patients. Lesions with hinge motion (OR 8.90, 95% CI 3.84 to 20.6, P<0.001), tortuosity (OR 4.16, 95% CI 1.75 to 9.88, P=0.001), and overlapping stents (OR 2.41, 95% CI 0.95 to 6.10, P=0.06) were predictors of SF. Cumulative incidence of clinically driven target lesion revascularization within 9 months was numerically higher in the SF group than that in the non‐SF group (12.0% versus 1.0%). Cumulative incidence of definite stent thrombosis within 9 months tended to be higher in the SF group than that in the non‐SF group (1.7% versus 0.5%). Conclusions SF after biolimus‐eluting stent occurs in 4.1% of lesions and appears to be associated with clinically driven target lesion revascularization.

Impact of post-challenge hyperglycemia on clinical outcomes in japanese patients with stable angina undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention

BackgroundPost-challenge hyperglycemia (PH) is well-established as one of risk factors for coronary artery disease. However, it remains unclear whether PH affects clinical outcomes in patients with stable angina undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).MethodsA total of 828 patients with stable angina undergoing PCI were retrospectively analyzed. Of these, 452 patients with previously diagnosed diabetes mellitus (DM) or fasting plasma glucose (PG) ≥126 mg/dl and HbA1c ≥6.5% were defined as known DM. The remaining 376 patients were divided into the two groups according to 2-h PG: PH (2-h PG ≥140 mg/dl, n=236) and normal glucose tolerance (NGT, 2-h PG <140 mg/dl, n=140). We assessed the rate of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), defined as a composite of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, stroke, and clinically-driven revascularization.ResultsDuring the median follow-up of 4.3 years, the MACE rate was significantly higher in the DM and PH groups than the NGT group (39.3% vs. 20.7%, P <0.001; 31.4% vs. 20.7%, P=0.044, respectively). Compared with the NGT group, the cumulative incidence of revascularization was significantly higher in the DM group (35.1% vs. 18.5%, P <0.001) and tended to be higher in the PH group (27.1% vs. 18.5%, P=0.067). In the multivariate analysis, known DM (Hazard ratio [HR]: 2.16, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.49-3.27, P < 0.001), PH (HR: 1.62, 95% CI: 1.07-2.53, P = 0.023), LDL-C >100 mg/dl (HR: 1.62, 95% CI: 1.26 to 2.10, P < 0.001), and previous stroke (HR: 1.47, 95% CI: 1.03-2.04, P = 0.034) were predictors of MACE.ConclusionPH is associated with future cardiovascular events in patients with stable angina undergoing PCI.

Very Long-Term (15 to 23 Years) Outcomes of Successful Balloon Angioplasty Compared With Bare Metal Coronary Stenting

Background Target lesion revascularization (TLR) continues to occur beyond 4 years after bare metal stent (BMS) implantation. However, long-term outcomes after balloon angioplasty (BA) compared with BMS are currently unknown. Methods and Results From 1989 to 1990, 659 patients (748 lesions) underwent successful BA with final balloon ≥3.0 mm excluding patients with acute myocardial infarction and were compared with 405 patients (424 lesions) with BMS implantation from June 1990 to 1993. Cumulative incidences of death and target lesion thrombosis (>1 year) were similar between the BA group and the BMS group (44.4% versus 45.4%, P=0.60; and 1.5% versus 0.7%, P=0.99; respectively). Cumulative incidence of TLR during overall follow-up was significantly higher after BA than after BMS implantation (44.6% versus 36.0%, P<0.001), whereas cumulative incidence of late TLR (>4 years) tended to be lower in the BA group than in the BMS group (16.3% versus 21.4%, P=0.16). Cumulative incidence of late TLR after BA was significantly lower in patients with small percent diameter stenosis (%DS) at early follow-up angiography compared with large %DS (14.5% versus 28.0%, P=0.02). In lesions with serial angiography, late lumen loss from early (6 to 14 months) to long-term (4 to 10 years) follow-up angiography was significantly smaller in the BA group (n=42) than in the BMS group (n=55) (−0.08±0.45 mm versus 0.11±0.46 mm, P=0.047). Conclusions Compared with BMS implantation, BA was associated with a trend for less late TLR beyond 4 years and with significantly smaller late lumen loss from early to long-term follow-up angiography.

Response to Letter Regarding Article, “Incidence and Clinical Impact of Stent Fracture After Everolimus-Eluting Stent Implantation”

We thank Dr Paul D. Williams, Dr Mama A. Mamas, and Dr Douglas G. Fraser for their interest in our article.1 First, we investigated the stent fracture after Xience V (Abbott Vascular) and Promus (Boston Scientific). As they note, our results, therefore, do not apply to all everolimus-eluting stents. Second, they suggest that double stent strut layer shown in Figure 4 is the consequence of stent fracture rather than longitudinal stent deformation. Actually, it may well be that there is considerable overlap between …

Balloon-trapped Technique for Successful OptEase Filter Retrieval

PURPOSE To describe a case of successful retrieval of OptEase filter, using the balloon-trapped technique, after failure of its retrieval by the standard techniques. CASE REPORT An 82-year-old man had an inferior vena cava filter placed for deep venous thrombosis prophylactically. Seven days after successful catheter-directed thrombolysis, the filter was retrieved after changing the position to caudal, using a standard angioplasty balloon. The patient was discharged on warfarin anticoagulant. CONCLUSION Balloon-trapped removal of the OptEase filter that failed standard retrieval attempt is an effective and safe technique that can be performed using commonly available tools and familiar to most interventionalists.