Katsuyoshi Harasawa

Security in Photonic Networks: Threats and Security Enhancement

We address emerging threats to the security of photonic networks as these networks become heterogeneous being opened to the upper layers, other operators, and end users. We review the potential threats, mainly loss of the confidentiality of user data transmitted through optical fibers and disturbances of network control, both of which could seriously damage the entire network. We then propose a novel conceptual model of a secure photonic network by introducing a quantum key distribution (QKD) network to its legacy structure. Secure keys generated by the QKD network are managed by key management agents (KMAs) and used to encrypt not only user data but also control signals. The KMAs cooperate with the generalized multiprotocol label-switching controller for secure path provisioning and drive photonic and modern crypto engines in appropriate combinations. Finally, we present a roadmap of a deployment scenario, starting from niche applications such as mission critical and business applications and the next. Digital cinema distribution through a photonic network is presented as an example of a niche application.

Quantum Encryption Communication Over a 192-km 2.5-Gbit/s Line With Optical Transceivers Employing Yuen-2000 Protocol Based on Intensity Modulation

A Y-00 transceiver for quantum encryption communication systems employing the Yuen-2000 protocol based on optical intensity modulation, which utilizes the quantum effect of coherent light has been developed and tested in field experiments. These experiments involved repeated transmission over a 192-km line on an existing commercial optical communication network with a bit-rate of 2.5 Gb/s based on STM-16 or OC-48. In addition, the affinity of the developed system for existing networks and communication protocols (Gigabit Ethernet and Fibre Channel) was examined. Subsequently, three optical fiber amplifiers were inserted as intermediate repeaters to give a non-repeated transmission distance of 48 km. The bit error rate after 192-km transmission was 10-12 with an optical power of -19.4 dBm at the receiving end. In addition, it was confirmed that if an eavesdropper increased the received optical power, the bit error rate converged to about 5 × 10- 1 and the identification of the true signal levels was virtually impracticable. These experimental results confirmed the high affinity between the Y-00 system and existing optical commercial networks and protocols used in the fundamental experiments. It was also apparent that the realization of highly secure optical communication networks was feasible. The performance of the Y-00 transceiver can be expected to improve to meet the strictest security evaluation.

Quantum stream cipher based on optical communications

In 2000, an attractive new quantum cryptography was discovered by H.P.Yuen based on quantum communication theory. It is applicable to direct encryption, for example quantum stream cipher based on Yuen protocol(Y-00), with high speeds and for long distance by sophisticated optical devices which can work under the average photon number per signal light pulse: = 1000 ~ 10000. In addition, it may provide information-theoretic security against known/chosen plaintext attack, which has no classical analogue. That is, one can provide secure communication, even the system has H(K)< SPIE Optics + Photonics OP 40 2004-08-02|2004-08-06 Optical Science and Technology, the SPIE 49th Annual Meeting AM04 516823 Denver, Colorado, United States Quantum Communications and Quantum Imaging II 5551 Quantum Communications and Quantum Information 9

RHiNET-3/SW: an 80-Gbit/s high-speed network switch for distributed parallel computing

We have developed a prototype network switch, RHiNET-3/SW, for a RHiNET high-performance distributed parallel computing environment. It has eight I/O ports and each port provides high-speed, bi-directional 10-Gbit/s-per-port parallel optical data transmission in a distance of over 300 m. The aggregate throughput is 80 Gbit/s per board. A switch consists of a one-chip CMOS ASIC 8/spl times/8 switch LSI (SW-LSI; a 784-pin BGA package), four deskew LSIs, and eight pairs of 1.25-Gbit/s/spl times/12-channel optical interconnection modules on a single board. The switch uses a hop-by-hop retransmission mechanism and credit-based flow control to provide reliable and long-transmission-distance data communication. The deskew LSI has a skew compensation function for 10-bit parallel data channels and an 8B10B encoder/decoder. Its optical transmitter modules use an 850-nm VCSEL and a 12-channel MMF (multi-mode fiber) ribbon. RHiNET-3/SW enables high-throughput. Long-distance and flexible-flow-control network communication by means of distributed parallel computing using commercial PCs.

10-Gb/s Optical Transceiver Using the Yuen 2000 Encryption Protocol

A 10-Gb/s optical transceiver using the Yuen 2000 (Y-00) encryption protocol was developed. The key device in the transceiver, a 10-GS/s, 10-bit digital-to-analog converter (DAC) LSI, was fabricated using 0.25-μm SiGe BiCMOS technology. Circuit techniques such as segmented architecture, parasitic capacitance separation using the base-common transistor, and the usage of a common mode logic (CML) driver were employed to minimize glitches. The Y-00 transceiver equipped with the DAC LSI operated at 10 Gb/s. Moreover, a 300-km transmission experiment performed at a data rate of 10 Gb/s proved that the developed transceiver can be used in a practical application when forward error correction is applied.

64-Gb/s highly reliable network switch (RHiNET-2/SW) using parallel optical interconnection

RHiNET-2/SW is a network switch that enables high-performance optical network based parallel computing system in a distributed environment. The switch used in such a computing system must provide high-speed, low-latency packet switching with high reliability. Our switch allows high-speed 8-Gb/s/port optical data transmission over a distance of up to 100 m, and the aggregate throughput is 64 Gb/s. In RHiNET-2/SW, eight pairs of 800-Mb/s/spl times/12-channel optical interconnection modules and a one-chip CMOS ASIC switch LSI (a 784-pin BGA package) are mounted on a single compact board. To enable high-performance parallel computing, this switch must provide high-speed, highly reliable node-to-node data transmission. To evaluate the reliability of the switch, we measured the bit error rate (BER) and skew between the data channels. The BER of the signal transmission through one I/O port was better than 10/sup -11/ at a data rate of 800 Mb/s /spl times/10 b with a large timing-budget margin (870 ps) and skew of less than 140 ps. This shows that RHiNET-2/SW can provide high-throughput, highly reliable optical data transmission between the nodes of a network-based parallel computing system.

360km field transmission of 10 Gbit/s stream cipher by quantum noise for optical network

Secure optical transmission experiment is demonstrated using a stream cipher by quantum noise. The bit error rates of a 10 Gbit/s signal through 360 km fiber for authentic receiver and eavesdropper are 5×10-7 and 0.4 ~0.5.

Design of Low-Noise, Low-Power 10-GHz VCO Using 0.18-µm CMOS Technology

A low-noise, low-power 10-GHz CMOS VCO was developed using cost-effective 0.18-μm CMOS technology. A complementary cross-coupled topology was employed to decrease the power dissipation and phase noise. The fabricated VCO demonstrates a low phase noise of -106 dBc/Hz at an offset frequency of 1 MHz and a low power dissipation of 4.4 mW.

10 Gbps quantum stream cipher by Y-00 for super HDTV transmission with provable security

This paper proposes an application of quantum stream cipher by Yuen-2000 protocol (Y-00) to transmission of High Definition Television(HDTV) and super HDTV signals. First, we summarize several adhoc strengthening methods of security which may provide provable security under individual quantum measurement. Y-00 with the modifications has a provable practical security for HDTV transmission system in which one never needs the change of the seed key forever. Second, we give a brief report on a demonstration of quantum stream cipher by the basic Y-00 of 2.4 Gbps in a real commercial optical network of 196 km by Hitachi Inform.and Commun.Eng. And how to improve it to 10 Gbps system with provable security is discussed, which is a national project of NICT. Finally, design parameters for its application to HDTV(1.48 Gbps) and super HDTV(24 Gbps) of 4320 scanning lines and 60 frame/sec are clarified.

RHINET-2/SW: A high-throughput, compact network-switch using 8.8-Gbit/s optical interconnection

We have developed a high-throughput, compact network switch (the RHiNET-2/SW) for a distributed parallel computing system. Eight pairs of 800-Mbit/s×12-channel optical interconnection modules and a CMOS ASIC switch are integrated on a compact circuit board. To realize high-throughput (64 Gbit/s) and low-latency network, the SW-LSI has a customized high-speed LVDS I/O interface, and a high-speed internal SRAM memory in a 784-pin BGA one-chip package. We have also developed device implementation technologies to overcome the electrical problems (loss and crosstalk) caused by such high integration. The RHiNET-2/SW system enables high-performance parallel processing in a distributed computing environment.