Kaushal Kumar Singh

Antidiabetic activity and phytochemical screening of crude extract of Stevia rebaudiana in alloxan-induced diabetic rats.

Background: Stevia rebaudiana regulates blood sugar, prevents hypertension and tooth decay. Other studies have shown that it has antibacterial as well as antiviral property. Methods: Preliminary phytochemical screening of aqueous, ether and methanolic extracts of S. rebaudiana was done. Acute and sub-acute toxicity were conducted on twenty four Albino rats, divided into one control (Group I) and three treatment groups viz. aqueous extract (Group II), ether extract (Group III) and methanolic extract (Group IV). For the study of antidiabetic effect of S. rebaudiana rats were divided into seven groups (n=6). Diabetes was induced by a single dose of 5% alloxan monohydrate (125 mg/kg, i.p.) after 24 hour fasting.Blood samples were analysed on day 0, 1, 5, 7, 14 and 28. Results: Phytochemical tests showed presence of different kinds of phyto-constituents in aqueous, ether and methanol extract of Stevia rebaudiana leaves. Daily single dose (2.0 g/kg) administration of aqueous extract (A.E.) , ether extract (E.E.) and methanol extract (M.E.) for 28 days of S. rebaudiana could not show any significant change in ALT and AST levels in rats. Blood sugar level was found to be decreased on day 28 in groups of rats treated with A.E., E.E. and M.E. of S. rebaudiana. Conclusion: The extracts of Stevioside rebaudiana could decrease the blood glucose level in diabetic rats in time dependent manner.

Antidiabetic Activity and Phytochemical Screening of Crude Extract of Stevia Rebaudiana in Alloxan-induced Diabetiis Rats

Abstract Results of phytochemical tests showed presence of different kinds of phyto-constituents in aqueous, ether and methanol extract of Stevia rebaudiana leaves. Daily single dose (2.0 g/kg) administration of aqueous extract (A.E.), ether extract (E.E.) and methanol extract (M.E.) for 28 days of S. rebaudiana could not show any significant change in ALT and AST levels in rats. Blood sugar level was found to be decreased on day 28 in groups of rats treated with A.E., E.E. and M.E. of S. rebaudiana .

Free copper: a new endogenous chemical mediator of inflammation in birds.

For acceptance of any chemical agent as an endogenous chemical mediator of inflammation, the agent in question must fulfill some biological requirements which are (a) it should be ubiquitously present in tissues in inactive form, (b) it should be activated during process of inflammation whose increase should be identifiable, (c) it should induce or amplify some events of inflammation, (d) there must be some natural inhibitor of such active form in tissues, (e) it should be able to induce inflammatory reaction after exogenous injection, (f) such reaction should be inhibited by exogenous use of their antagonists, and (g) it should be amplified by use of agonists. Copper in its protein free or protein bound form are reported to act as pathogenic factor in inflammatory processes due to oxidative stress. But their role as endogenous chemical mediator of inflammation does not appear to be investigated thoroughly in light of abovementioned biological criterion of mediator. Present study aims at thorough exploration on role of free copper as endogenous chemical mediator of inflammation in light of above facts. It was done by estimation of total copper, protein-bound copper, and free copper along with estimation of free radical generation, increase in vascular permeability, and cellular infiltration during acute inflammatory reaction induced by carrageenan and concanavalin using chicken skin as test model. It was further evaluated by use of exogenous free copper in experimental model and their subsequent inhibition and amplification by chemical chelators of copper. Present study confirms that free copper fulfilled all the biological requirements for accepting it as an endogenous chemical mediator of inflammation.

Effect of Induced Mastitis on Disposition Kinetics of Gatifloxacin Following Intravenous Administration in Goats

Disposition kinetic studies of gati fl oxacin (GAT) was conducted after single i.v. dose (10 mg/kg) in six healthy and six mastitic Black Bengal lactating goats. Mastitis was induced by coagulase positive S. aureus . The concentration of the drug was estimated by HPLC. The maximum milk concentration was found to be signi fi cantly (p< 0.05) higher in mastitic goats (12.78 ± 3.11 μ g/ml) than healthy (9.17 ± 1.41 μ g/ml). The therapeutic milk concentration in mastitic goats (0.13 ± 0.05 to 12.41 ± 2.99 μ g/ml) was maintained for 48 h which was signi fi cantly (p<0.01) longer than in healthy goats (24 h). The elimination half-life in plasma and milk of mastitic goats (5.82 ± 0.67 and 8.20±0.21 h) was signi fi cantly (p<0.01) higher than healthy (4.54 ± 0.75 and 3.67±0.09 h).It indicates that GAT persisted in the body of mastitic goats for a longer duration. The AUC milk /AUC plasma ratio was 5.82. The t ½ milk /t ½ plasma ratio was 1.41. MIC in this experiment was considered to be 0.1 μ g/ml. The AUC/MIC ratio of plasma and milk of mastitic goats were 180 and 1049 respectively. On the basis of the results obtained it was concluded that GAT exhibited improved pharmacokinetic parameters with good penetration and longer persistence in mastitic milk, which will be of great help in the treatment of mastitis in goats caused by S. aureus .

Pharmacokinetics of Diminazene Aceturate in Buffalo Calves

The pharmacokinetic study of diminazene aceturate (DMZ) was carried out in two separate groups of 4 e ach clinically healthy female Murrah buffalo calves aft er single dose i.v. (8 mg/kg) and i.m. (16 mg/kg) administrat ion. The mean free peak serum concentration of DMZ (CS max ) after i.v. (26.28±0.67μ g/ml) and i.m. (8.41±2.43 μ g/ml) a dmin- istrations were obtained at t max of 5 and 30 min respectively. The DMZ serum concentrations time data were best fi tted to the two compartment open model. The calculated s erum half life (t ½ β ) values of DMZ were 15.099±2.504 and 14.225±2.682 h after i.v. and i.m. administration r espec- tively. The mean values of total body clearance rat e of DMZ (ClB) after i.m. (3.785±1.119 ml/kg/min) was signif icantly higher (P<0.05) as compared with the i.v. (0.537±0. 063 ml/kg/min). DMZ was highly bound (77.14 to 94.40%) to buffalo calf plasma protein and its penetration int o erythro- cytes increased with increasing concentrations in b lood (7.60 to 33.00μ g/ml). Based on pharmacokinetic profiles, the satisfactory dosage regimens of diminazene aceturat e in buffalo calves were derived (2 mg/kg, i.v. and 12mg /kg, i.m). In case of emergent disease conditions to ens ure high DMZ serum concentrations, i.v. route may be preferr ed over i.m. route.

Efficacy of Clerodendrum infortunatum on Wound Healing in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats

ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 7 Number 02 (2018) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com The Clerodendrum infortunatiom Linn (CI) is one of the most important medicinal plant containing different properties like anti-inflammatory activities, anti-microbial activities, wound healing, promotes neo-vascularisation, and reduces oxidative stress. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the wound healing activity of hydro-alcoholic (70% ethanol) leaves extract of C. infortunatum Linn as 4 % ointment in cutaneous wound model in diabetic rats. Open excision wounds of 2×2 cm 2 were experimentally created on the interscapular region of dorsal aspect of the streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats to evaluate the time dependent (days 3, 7 and 15) wound healing effects of C. infortunatum ointment (4%). Thirty six acclimatized healthy Wistar rats (120-150g) were procured from LARS, IVRI, Izatnagar (U.P.), India divided into two groups namely control and treated consisting of 18 rats each and further divided into three sub group (n=6). The ointment base (90% soft paraffin, 5% hard paraffin, 5% lanolin) and 4% ointment in ethanolic extract of CI was applied twice daily on wound area in control and treated rats respectively. The % wound contraction, oxidative stress related parameter (SOD, CAT, GSH and LPO), hydroxyproline content and histopathology were estimated. The significantly higher (p<0.001) % wound contraction was found in treated group on day 7 and 15 as compared to control. The levels of SOD, Catalase and GSH in the diabetic treated group were significantly increased and level of MDA was significantly reduced on days 3, 7 and 15 as compared to control group. H & E stained tissue sections of treated wound showed marked proliferation of fibroblasts, more collagen deposition, well-formed capillaries, more granulation tissue covered with newly formed epithelial layer as compared to control sections. In conclusion, treatment of C. infortunatum ointment (4%) showed faster and organized healing of cutaneous wounds in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. K e y w o r d s C. infortunatum, Ointment, Oxidative stress, Wound healing, Rat Accepted: 17 January 2018

Effect of Mastitis on Pharmacokinetics of Levofloxacin Following Single Dose Intravenous Administration in Goats

Disposition kinetics of levofloxacin was investigated after single dose intravenous administration at the dose of 10 mg/kg in six healthy and six mastitic Black Bengal lactating goats. Mastitis was induced in goats by coagulase positive Staphylococcus aureus . The maximum milk concentration was higher in mastitic goats (17.01 ± 0.67 μg/ ml) as compared to healthy (14.75 ± 0.95 μg/ml). The therapeutic milk concentration in mastitic goats (0.10 ± 0.00 to 16.61 ± 0.70 μg/ml) was maintained for 48 h, which was significantly longer than healthy goats (36 h). The t ½ β in plasma (5.08 ± 0.18 h) and milk (7.28 ± 0.09 h) of mastitic goats were significantly longer than healthy goats (4.04 ± 0.24 and 4.16 ± 0.76 h). The total body clearence in plasma of healthy goats (5.64 ± 0.78 ml/kg/min) was almost similar to mastitic goats (5.82 ± 0.44 ml/kg/min). The AUC milk /AUC plasma ratio (3.36) in mastitic goats indicated extensive penetration of levofloxacin from plasma to milk. The t 1/2 milk /t 1/2 plasma ratio was 1.43. The AUC/MIC ratio in plasma and milk of mastitic goats were 296 and 1014 respectively. Based on the plasma kinetic parameters, it was concluded that levofloxacin may be used for treatment of mastitis in goats.