Kay Stanney

Handbook of Virtual Environments: Design, Implementation, and Applications, Second Edition

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A Scale for Assessing Human Factors Readiness Levels

This paper describes a proposed scale of Human Factors Readiness Levels (HFRL) that provides a method for standardizing Human Factors (HF) readiness assessment. This scale can be used by HF decision makers in the acquisition, project management, or implementation phases in conjunction with Technological Readiness Levels, and includes HF-specific level descriptions and evaluation requirements. To determine HF readiness, information about the risks, processes, and quality of conducted R&D with respect to 24 HF study areas must be gathered. Gathered information is then used to determine individual HFRL scores for each area, and an overall HFRL for the evaluated system. Using HFRLs, researchers or decision makers can identify several categories of research issues. Specifically, an HFRL analysis can help them assess whether HF R&D resources are optimally allocated, whether HF area interdependencies are considered, whether gaps in the HF R&D process exist, or whether there are problems with HF R&D quality. The use of such a process will enable the standardization of HF R&D metrics across participating organizations to ensure quality of research, and facilitate sharing HF R&D efforts and outcomes across agencies.

Validation of Predictive Workload Component of the Multimodal Information Design Support (Mids) System

Operators in military C4ISR environments are required to rapidly assess and respond to critical events accurately while monitoring ongoing operations. In order to assist in designing complex display systems to support C4ISR operators, it is critical to understand when and why information displayed exceeds human capacity. Common metrics for evaluating operator overload are subjective report, which rely on self-reporting techniques (e.g., NASA/TLX, SART). A new design tool, the Multimodal Information Design Support (MIDS) system, predicts times of operator overload and offers multimodal design guidelines to streamline cognitive processing, thus alleviating times of operator workload and optimizing situation awareness. This paper empirically validates MIDS” predictive power in determining situations which may cause operator overload by comparing MIDS output to subjective reports of workload and SA during C4ISR operations. Future studies will validate MIDS” design capabilities through redesign and evaluation of performance, workload and SA on the optimized C4ISR task environment.

When is VE Training Effective? A Framework and Two Case Studies

There are a number of studies that suggest that virtual environment (VE) systems can facilitate transfer of training (Darken & Peterson, 2002; Péruch, Belingard, & Thinus-Blanc, 2000; Rose et al., 2001). Yet this benefit is not universal, as Brooks et al. (2002) found that VE training was not beneficial for a recognition task. Thus, VE training may facilitate some types of training tasks, while not benefiting others. As technology pushes training more frequently into highly immersive environments, it is important to delineate and examine characteristics of VE trainers (such as egocentric perspective or multimodal interactivity) and consider the impact these characteristics have on training tasks and desired outcomes. Towards this end, a preliminary framework is herein presented which suggests that specific characteristics of VE systems impact specific training outcomes. This effort presents two operationally-based case studies that begin to examine different parts of the proposed framework. The first study examines how egocentric perspective was introduced into helicopter navigator training to impact spatial knowledge acquisition; the second study investigates how a VE was used to introduce interactivity into training to improve training outcomes for procedural knowledge. Given the low number of participants, no substantive conclusions can be made; rather, the studies are framed as an initial approach to VE training effectiveness within a theoretical model.

Advances in neuroergonomics and cognitive engineering

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Developing impact assessment for training systems research & development: A case study of the strategic approach for the NEWIT system

price are net prices, subject to local VAT. Prices indicated with * include VAT for books; the €(D) includes 7% for Germany, the €(A) includes 10% for Austria. Prices indicated with ** include VAT for electronic products; 19% for Germany, 20% for Austria. All prices exclusive of carriage charges. Prices and other details are subject to change without notice. All errors and omissions excepted. C. Baldwin (Ed.) Advances in Neuroergonomics and Cognitive Engineering

Multimodal, Multitask Interaction Design: Challenging Long-Standing Unimodal Design Assumptions

Impact assessment seeks to evaluate the effects of a new system realized on target beneficiaries and is an essential process via which to tangibly demonstrate the operational and economic benefits of a research and development (R&D) program. This paper contributes a framework –Program-management Understanding, Measurement, and Assessment (PUMA) - for developing an impact assessment approach for planning and evaluating R&D programs. The intent of the framework is to help an R&D organization provide traceability from the identification of program needs to selecting and conducting R&D to implementation to defining and measuring results. The framework is demonstrated using an Office of Naval Research project.

New Kids on the Block: Multi-Dimensional Perspectives on Augmented Cognition

As the technology that supports interactive systems advances, the possibility of leveraging a multitude of sensory systems becomes possible. By using multiple sensory processors, substantial gains in the information management capacity of the human-computer integral should be realized, and those with sensory losses can be better accommodated. The question becomes when multimodal information is presented, how should these multiple sources of information be coordinated, particularly when two or more tasks are performed simultaneously? While current design theories developed primarily for unimodal interaction can be drawn on, additional research is required to fully guide multimodal multitask interaction design. The current study seeks to extend unimodal design theories to multimodal systems and identifies some interesting differences in unimodal vs multimodal multitask interaction.

Enhancing Spatial Awareness with Tactile cues in a Virtual Environment

This discussion panel was organized to offer HFES members an opportunity to learn more about the burgeoning field of Augmented Cognition and to discover the multi-dimensional aspects of the discipline. The session will feature six invited panelists who were selected to represent a cross-section of the Augmented Cognition International Society community of more than 900 members. Each panelist will present their unique perspective of the AugCog field, which will provide the audience with information on a variety of research, development, and application areas in the AugCog field within the U.S and abroad. The panel members and their associated AugCog perspectives include: CDR Dylan Schmorrow, government; Denise Nicholson, academia; Dennis McBride, non-profit; Kay Stanney and Chris Berka, industry; and Blair Dickson, industry/international.

Exploring eye tracking measures to understand operator performance

Situation awareness is a critical component to many complex military tasks, where operators must be aware of the situation around them as it unfolds in real-time. Warfighters involved in military operations in urban terrain (MOUT) operate in a dynamic, highly stressful environment, where specific knowledge, such as spatial awareness of potential enemy location within a given space is required. Virtual training systems are one method that may be used to train soldiers, as they offer multimodal displays that expose trainees to situations/conditions that are otherwise expensive and dangerous for repeated live training (e.g., live bullets; injuries). This study examined the benefits of incorporating haptic cues into a VE training environment to enhance spatial awareness across successive training to examine learning effects associated with haptic training cues.