Kee-Jong Kim

Isolation and Characterization of Cellulase Secreting Bacterium from Cattle Manure: Application to Composting

A extracellular cellulase producing bacterium was isolated from cow feces, and was identified to be Bacillus licheniformis on the basis of morphological and biochemical properties as well as the composition of cellular fatty acids composition (FAME). CMCase, FPase and avicelase activities of the isolates cultured in CMC media at 37°C for 24 hrs were 1.65 U/ml, 0.13 U/ml and 0.18 U/ml, respectively. However, β-glucosidase activity was not detected. The optimum pH and temperature for induction of the enzyme were 7.5 and 50°C. The maximum CMCase activity was observed at pH 7.5 and 75°C. Zymogram analysis for crude supernatant showed four major bands CMC-SDS-PAGE. By adding 0.1% DMP (Developed Microbial Product) -comp including B. licheniformis NLRI X-33, microbial product, to swine manure composting pile, the gab of composting temperature within the pile in DMP-comp and control was 23°C and 34°C, respectively, during the initial 23 day composting periods. Coliforms were not found in the swine + sawdust samples after 30 days of DMP-comp treated and 40 days of control under forced aeration system.

Hydration and Pasting Properties of Oat (Avena sativa) Flour.

Three oat cultivars and one oat breeding line were evaluated for chemical, hydration and pasting properties. Protein, starch and β-glucan levels ranged 11.13∼14.37, 56.37∼64.86 and 3.44∼4.76%, respectively. The oat cultivars Daeyang and Seonyang contained higher β-glucan levels of 4.76 and 4.35%. The Daeyang variety had a higher water absorption index (WAI) of 2.83∼3.35 (g/g), but a lower water solubility index (WSI) of 8.67 ∼11.08%. Daeyang and Seonyang cultivars showed higher peak and trough viscosity, but lower breakdown and setback, indicating that they easily swell, and thus could possibly provide the desirable viscosity of an oat product. The β-glucan levels were correlated positively with WAI, peak and trough viscosity, and negatively to WSI, breakdown and setback viscosity.

Effects of Application Method of Pig Compost and Liquid Pig Manure on Yield of Whole Crop Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and Chemical Properties of Soil in Gyehwa Reclaimed Land

In order to develop the application method of pig compost (PC) and liquid manure (LM) for whole crop barley cultivation, experiments were conducted at Munpo series (coarse loamy, mixed, nonacid, mesic family of Typic Fluvaquents) soil in Gyehwa-reclaimed land, six plots, a LM applied rate as N% ; non-application, chemical fertilizer (CF)100, 100, 50+50, 50+CF50 and (PC30+LM40)+LM50 as basal and additional fertilizer. -N content in soil was decreased as along with the growth of plant, highest in LM100% as basal fertilization at early growth stage and highest in (PC30%+LM40%)+LM40% and CF100% at last growth stage. Amount of -N and -N in soil was high in (PC30%+LM40%)+LM40% and CF100% of top soil but in subsoil significant difference was little in all treatment. Amount of OM, , T-N, exchangeable Ca and Na in soil was higher (PC30%+LM40%)+LM40% than non-application after harvest. Amount of nutrient uptake in plant was higher in CF100% and split application of LM than LM 100% application. Nitrogen utilization rate was in the order of CF100% >LM50%+LM50%=LM50%+CF50%>(PC30%+LM40%)+LM40% >LM100%. The yield of whole crop barley in (PC30%+LM40%)+LM40% and CF100% was 3.2 times more than in non-application (). Feed values such as crude protein and TDN was increased 1.0% ~ 1.4% in LM as split application than basal 100% treatment. Accordingly, in order to increase yield of a whole crop barley with application PC+LM in reclaimed land treat split application rather than to treat LM 100% into the land.

Quality Characteristics and Antioxidant Activity of Yogurt Added with Whole Barley Floura

Department of Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Seonam UniversityAbstract In this study, a yogurt containing skim milk powder and whole barley flour was fermented with lactic acidbacteria, and its quality and properties were estimated. The yogurts with 1% and 3% barley flour had lower pH values,higher titratable acidity, and higher Brix values than the control. In addition, the viable cell counts were lower andviscosity was higher. The value of L was low, and the values of a and b were high. The yogurt with 3% barley flourhad more lactic acid than the control and showed a substantial increase in the amount of acetic acid. β-Glucan contentand antioxidant activity increased with the amount of barley flour added. In sensory evaluation, there was a similarpreference for the yogurt with 3% barley flour and the control, and as the barley flour content increased, the preferencedecreased. Moreover, the preference for the yogurt was higher among old people.Keywords: yogurt, whole barley flour, β-glucan, sensory evaluation

Effect of Nitrogen Top Dressing Levels on Productivity, Feed Value, and Anthocyanin Content of Colored Barley

his experiment was carried out to evaluate the effects of nitrogen top dressing levels on the growth, feed value, and anthocyanin content for developing functional feed of colored barley. A colored barley cultivar, Boanchalbori, was tested in this experiment. Nitrogen top dressing levels was six (0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100%) and top dressing time was a regeneration time. In case of productivity, heading data was get behind and dry matter rate was significant decreased with higher nitrogen top dressing levels (p

`Joseong`, a New Early-Heading Forage Triticale Cultivar for Paddy Field of Double Cropping

`Joseong`, a winter forage triticale cultivar (X Triticosecale Wittmack), was developed by the breeding team at the Department of Rice and Winter Cereal Crop, NICS, RDA in 2010. The cultivar `Joseong` was selected from the cross FAHAD_5/RHINO1R.1D 5+10 5D`5B`//FAHAD_5 by CIMMYT (Mexico) in 1992. Subsequent generations were handled in pedigree selection program at Mexico from 1993 to 1998, and a line `CTSS92Y-A-4Y-0M-5Y-0B` was selected for earliness and good agronomic characteristics. After preliminary and advance yield test in Korea for 2 years, the line designated as a line name of `Iksan26`. The `Iksan26` was subsequently evaluated for earliness and forage yield in 7 different locations such as Jeju, Iksan, Cheongwon, Yesan, Naju, Daegu, and Jinju from 2008 to 2010 and finally named as `Joseong`. The cultivar `Joseong` has characteristics of dark green leaf, yellow culm and spike, and large grain of yellowish brown color. The heading date of cultivar `Joseong` was April 24, which was 5 days earlier than that of check cultivar `Shinyoung`. It showed better tolerance or resistance to lodging, wet injury, powdery mildew, and leaf rust than those of the check cultivar `Shinyoung`. The average forage dry matter yield of cultivar `Joseong` at milk-ripe stage was 14.5 MT , which was lower than 16.5 MT of the check cultivar `Shinyoung`. The silage quality of `Joseong` (5.3%) was lower to the check cultivar `Shinyoung` (6.0%) in crude protein content, while was 2.1% superior to the check cultivar `Shinyoung` (61.9%) in TDN (total digestible nutrients). It showed 5.1 MT of grain yield, which was 40% higher than that of the check cultivar `Shinyoung` (3.65 MT ). This cultivar is recommended for fall sowing crop in the area where daily minimum mean temperatures are averaged higher than in January, and as a winter crop using whole crop forage before planting rice in around Korea.

Effects of Pig Compost and Liquid Manure on Yield, Nutrients Uptake of Rice Plant and Physicochemical Properties of Soil

In order to develop the application method of compost manure (CM) and liquid manure (LM) for rice cultivation, experiments were conducted at silty loam paddy field in Gochang, Jeonbuk, a LM applied rate as N%; non-application, chemical fertilizer (CF) 100%, CM 50%+LM 50%, CM 30%+CF 70% and CM 30%+LM 70% as basal and additional fertilizer. -N content in paddy soil was higher with CF 100% application than the split application of compost and liquid pig manure fertilizer during the early stage of rice growth. However, there was no significant difference in the later part of rice growth. Amount of -N in leachate was decreased in CM 30%+LM 70% and CM 30%+CF 70% split applications compared to CF 100%. Amounts of OM and Avail , Exch. cations in soil of experiment after were highest with the split application of CM 50%+LM 50% and CM 30%+LM 70%. Amount of nutrient uptake of plants were no significant difference between the split application plots of CM and LM, but nitrogen utilization rate was 66% in average CM 50%+LM 50% and CM 30%+LM 70% to compared CF 100%. The rice yield of CM 50%+LM 50% was lower (90%) comparing that of CF 100% (). But the yield in CM 30%+CF 70% and CM 30%+LM 70% reached 96% in average, which did not show significant difference with that of CF 100%. Accordingly, LM 70% or CF 70% split application after CM 30% application was helpful in enhancing the physicochemical property of soil as well as reducing CF. It could be evaluated that this application in segmentation was better in productivity improvement and soil pollution reduction than the esinultaneous application of LM 100% in terms of split application in times of requirement for plants.

Substituting Normal and Waxy-Type Whole Wheat Flour on Dough and Baking Properties

Normal (cv. Keumkang, KK) and waxy-type (cv. Shinmichal, SMC) whole wheat flour was substituted at 20 and 40% for white wheat flour (WF) during bread dough formulation. The flour blends were subjected to dough and baking property measurement in terms of particle size distribution, dough mixing, bread loaf volume and crumb firmness. The particle size of white wheat flour was the finest, with increasing coarseness as the level of whole wheat flour increased. Substitution of whole wheat flour decreased pasting viscosity, showing all RVA parameters were the lowest in SMC40 composite flour. Water absorption was slightly higher with 40% whole wheat flour regardless of whether the wheat was normal or waxy. An increased mixing time was observed when higher levels of KK flour were substituted, but the opposite reaction occurred when SMC flour was substituted at the same levels. Bread loaf volume was lower in breads containing a whole wheat flour substitution compared to bread containing only white wheat flour. No significant difference in bread loaf volume was observed between normal and waxy whole flour, but the bread crumb firmness was significantly lower in breads containing waxy flour. The results of these studies indicate that up to 40% whole wheat flour substitution could be considered a practical option with respect to functional qualities. Also, replacing waxy whole flour has a positive effect on bread formulation over normal whole wheat flour in terms of improving softness and glutinous texture.

A New Early-Heading and High-Yielding Winter Oat Cultivar for Whole Crop Forage, `Okhan`

`Okhan` (Avena sativa L.), an oat cultivar for winter use, was developed by the breeding team at the Department of Rice and Winter Cereal Crop, NICS, RDA in 2011. It was derived from an original cross between `Early80`, exhibiting early heading, and `Maine PI-590` (CI 7518), exhibiting large-size grain, in 1995. Subsequent generations as well as cross-bred cultivars were handled in bulk, and pedigree selection programs took place at Suwon and Yeoncheon, respectively. A promising line, `SO95027-B-45-16-10-6-2-Y7-10`, was selected in 2004, and was designated `Gwiri74` after being selected from a yield trial for three years from 2005 to 2008. The breeding line `Gwiri74` was subsequently evaluated for earliness of heading and forage yield in four different locations, Yesan, Iksan, Kimjae, and Jeju, from 2009 to 2011, and was finally named as `Okhan`. Over 3 years, the heading date of `Okhan` was about 6 days earlier than that of the check cultivar `Samhan`, and their average forage dry matter yield harvested at the milk-ripe stage was 15.0 ton , compared with 14.1 ton of check cultivar. Cultivar `Okhan` was lower than the check cultivar `Samhan` in terms of the protein content (9.2% and 9.9%, respectively) and total digestible nutrients (58.5%, and 59.3%, respectively), while the TDN yield per ha was more than the check (8.70 and 8.36 kg, respectively). Fall sowing cropping of `Okhan` is recommended only in areas where average daily minimum mean temperatures in January are higher than , and it should not be cultivated in mountain areas, where frost damage is likely to occur.

Optimal Drainage Time of Barley Seeding Synchronized with Rice Harvesting in Paddy Field

We have carried out the experiment to investigate optimal drainage time of barley seeding synchronized with rice harvesting in paddy field. Number of emerged barley seedling on moist paddy field was less than that of common paddy field. It is very hard to plow using combine owing to long time to work on wet condition compared to drying condition of paddy field. According to the drainage time, growth and yield of barley were not significantly different. However, late drainage time decreased the spikes per m 2 . Rice yield and 1,000 usked rice grain weight were not significant depending on drainage times at 15 days, 20 days and 25 days before barley seeding. The range of 1,000 husked rice grain weight was 21.7～22.2 g on different drainage conditions. In results, on considering of soil hardness and time of labor, the optimal contents of soil moisture was about 33%. This study reveals that drainage time at 20 days before barley seeding is proper to increase seedlings and yield.