Kees Hengeveld

Layers and operators in Functional Grammar

I have argued elsewhere (Hengeveld, 1987b) that for a proper treatment of modality the clause model used in Functional Grammar (Dik, 1978, 1980) should be adapted in such a way that a number of different layers can be distinguished. My main argument there was that predications, used in Functional Grammar to represent linguistic expressions, have two different functions: a DESCRIPTIVE function and a CONTENT function. A predication not only gives a description of the external situation the speaker refers to within his speech act, it also represents the prepositional content or message unit processed within that speech act. Subjective and evidential modalities, which express a propositional attitude, should take a predication in its contentrepresenting function in their scope, whereas objective modalities, i.e. those modalities that are concerned with the actuality status of a State of Affairs (SoA), should take a predication in its SoA-designating function in their scope. A clause model should therefore be able to distinguish between these two functions of predications.

ILLOCUTION, MOOD AND MODALITY IN A FUNCTIONAL GRAMMAR OF SPANISH

In order to be able to account for the alternating and non-alternating uses of mood in Spanish this paper explores the field of illocution and modality and argues for two elaborations of the Functional Grammar framework: (i) a representation of main clauses which distinguishes between several layers, each representing a different subact of the speech act, and (ii) a representation of noun clauses which distinguishes between non-factive, factive, and semi-factive complements.

The hierarchical structure of the clause and the typology of perception verb complements

Etude syntaxique des complements des verbes de perception dans le cadre de la grammaire fonctionnelle. Exemples empruntes a differentes langues

Morphosyntactic Expression in Functional Grammar

This books reflects the growing interest within Functional Grammar for the further development of the syntactic and morphological components of the model. The papers in this volume discuss two recent developments, the Dynamic Expression Model for Functional Grammar and the conversion of this model into a Functional Discourse Grammar model, synopses of which are included. Further articles provide detailed analyses of a range of semantic and pragmatic categories and their morphosyntactic expression in a wide variety of languages. The articles in this book include data on some 60 different languages.

Four types of evidentiality in the native languages of Brazil

Abstract In this paper we argue that the notions generally grouped together under the heading of evidentiality actually belong to four different evidential subcategories, which are different from one another in terms of their semantic scope. The hierarchical, scopal architecture of Functional Discourse Grammar is used to define these four categories. After giving our arguments for this new classification, we test a number of predictions that follow from it concerning the coexistence of evidential subcategories within a language and the co-occurrence of evidential markers in a single clause. We investigate our predictions in a sample of 64 native languages of Brazil. The data from these languages show that the presence of one or more of the four evidential subcategories can be systematically described in terms of an implicational hierarchy.

An implicational map of parts of speech

In this paper we present a two-dimensional implicational map of parts of speech. We show that this map constitutes an improvement with respect to the one-dimensional parts of speech hierarchy originally proposed in Hengeveld (1992) in terms of typological adequacy. In addition, our map is an innovation in relation to traditional semantic maps since it is implicational in nature and since the typological implications it contains are hierarchically ordered with respect to one another. Finally, our proposal shows that the analytical primitives underlying map models need not be exclusively semantic in nature, but may also include other dimensions, in this case pragmatic ones.

Linguistics in the Netherlands 1995

1. Preface (by Dikken, Marcel den) 2. List of Contributors 3. Synchronic and diachronic variation in the French il-construction (by Bakker, Cecile de) 4. Another case of scrambling in Dutch (by Barbiers, Sjef) 5. The meaning of structure: The wat voor construction revisited (by Bennis, Hans) 6. The Syntactic Function of the Auxiliaries of Time (by Broekhuis, Hans) 7. Does Dutch really have a Passive? (by Cornelis, Louise) 8. Participant structure and the on-line production of discourse context (by Dam-van Isselt, Jet van) 9. One be (by Dechaine, Rose-Marie) 10. Dutch - Indonesian language mixing in Jakarta (by Giesbers, Herman) 11. Phantom Phonology and Aperture Positions (by Grijzenhout, Janet) 12. Only a matter of context? (by Hoop, Helen de) 13. On foot templates and root templates (by Kager, Rene) 14. The effectiveness of different types of grammatical exercises in Dutch L2 classroom instruction (by Lalleman, Josine) 15. 1st person plural anaphora in Brazilian Portuguese and chains (by Menuzzi, Sergio) 16. A quest for control (by Petter, Marga) 17. Zero Semantics - The syntactic encoding of quantificational meaning (by Postma, Gertjan) 18. Stem allomorphy, verb movement and Case assignment in Coptic Egyptian (by Reintges, Chris H.) 19. Moeilijk is (not) difficult (by Wouden, Ton van der) 20. A note on verb clusters in the Stellingwerf dialect (by Zwart, C. Jan-Wouter) 21. Lexical and Functional Direction in Dutch (by Zwarts, Joost)

Copular verbs in a functional grammar of Spanish

This article discusses the question how the existence of more than one copular verb in Spanish should be accounted for in a way that is compatible with the theory of copula support as developed within the framework of functional grammar. Basic to this approach is the idea that the copula is a semantically empty supportive device, functioning as a tense, mood, and aspect carrier. In Spanish, many sentence pairs differ only in the use of one of the two copulas ser and estar. The difference between these sentences is shown to be of an aspectual nature. To account for the difference between these sentences two solutions are proposed: (i) the aspectual difference between them is expressed by means of the different copulas. In other words, a copula may already be filled in for aspect; (ii) the aspectual difference between them is due to differences in the underlying structure of the sentences. These different structures condition the introduction of one of the two copulas. The rules that are needed to realize these solutions also account for the description of attributive and absolute constructions making use of a past participle or a gerund.

Reflections on the lexicon in Functional Discourse Grammar

Abstract This article contains a series of reflections on the nature of the lexicon in FDG inspired in large measure by the preceding articles. We start by considering how the lexicon relates to the Conceptual Component, arguing that lexemes do not label units of conceptualization but rather are associated with experientially based beliefs about their appropriate use. In our view, the Conceptual Component first develops a Message, which then influences the choice of a frame in the Grammatical Component into which appropriate lexemes are inserted. Lexemes are thus not inherently associated with frames, as was proposed in earlier work. Instead, they are marked with numerical indicators for the set of frames with which they are compatible, with coercion allowing one-off extensions of that frameset. It is a further consequence of our position that lexemes come with neither meaning definitions nor selection restrictions. We adopt Keizer’s notion of partially instantiated frames to account for idiomatic expressions. We then turn to parts-of-speech, as they apply to lexemes in various language types. Lexemes are distinguished from Words: for example, the single class of Contentives in the Esperanto lexicon corresponds to Verb Words, Noun Words, etc. in morphosyntax. This leads to a discussion of derivation and compounding, where it is shown that two types of derivation are to be distinguished in FDG, lexical derivation, which uses lexical primitives (

The grammaticalization of tense, aspect, modality and evidentiality : a functional perspective

) as its input, and grammatical derivation, which takes place after insertion of a lexeme into its frame. Three major types of compounding are differentiated and exemplified from English and Dutch: predicate-argument, nucleus-modifier, and conjunct-conjunct compounds, each of which can be either endocentric or exocentric. Turning finally to the difficulty of drawing a sharp distinction between the lexicon and the grammar, we apply Keizer’s (2007) distinctions among primary and secondary lexical elements and primary and secondary grammatical elements, showing how findings from various of the preceding articles can be interpreted in this light.