Keith Hatton

Effects of simulated climate warming on macrophytes in freshwater microcosm communities

We monitored macrophyte communities (Lagarosiphon major, Elodea nuttallii, Potamogeton natans) growing in freshwater microcosms that mimicked north temperate shallow lake and pond environments. The microcosms were subjected to a 2 years simulation of two climate warming regimes (3 °C above ambient year-round and 3 °C above ambient during the summer-only), in combination with a nutrient addition (eutrophication) treatment and the presence or absence of fish. Throughout the experiment, total macrophyte abundance remained relatively high and was unaffected by warming. However, the proportion of each community made up by L. major and the growth rate of L. major increased under continuous warming. Warming did not significantly influence the abundance or growth rate of E. nuttallii. For P. natans, flowering occurred earlier in the season under continuous warming and floating leaf surface area increased under both warming treatments. The effects of nutrient addition and the presence of fish were almost exclusively warming-independent and, where of statistical significance, tended to increase and decrease macrophyte abundance, respectively. Only the growth rate of E. nuttallii was significantly increased by nutrient addition. Our observations suggest that, as a functional component of north temperate shallow lake and pond ecosystems, elodeid macrophyte communities may be broadly resilient to the small increases in temperature associated with climate warming, even when these temperature increases occur in combination with increased nutrient loading and the presence of fish. Nevertheless, it may be of some concern that the species apparently most favoured by warming in our microcosms, L. major, is an exotic which has the known potential to become problematic as a weed in temperate waters.

Effects of nitrate load on submerged plant biomass and species richness: results of a mesocosm experiment

Increased nitrogen loading may lead to changes in productivity or biodiversity in freshwater systems. Field surveys have shown reduced species richness of submerged and fl oating-leaved plant communities in shal- low lakes as winter nitrate concentrations, a surrogate for nitrate loading, have risen above 1-2 mg NO3-N L -1 . Experimental tank mesocosms, containing about 3 m 3 of water and sediment from Hickling Broad, Norfolk, UK were initially planted with eleven submerged plant species from the lake and its connected waterway. Constant phosphorus loadings (designed to give added concentrations of 50 µg P L -1 ) were given to all tanks. Four nitrate loadings were given in a randomised block design with twelve-fold replication. Loadings were designed to increase the concentration in the water by 1, 2, 5 and 10 mg NO3-N L -1 (N1, N2, N5 and N10, respectively). Nitrate loading increased phytoplankton and periphyton chlorophyll a in the N2, N5 and N10 treatments compared with the N1. It complementarily decreased total plant volume and had varied effects on different species, with most species indif- ferent, a few (mostly charophytes) declining above the N1 treatment, and one (Elodea canadensis) performing best in N2 and N5 compared with N1 and N10. Species richness of submerged macrophytes declined with time in all treatments and with increasing nitrogen load in the fi rst year. In the second year, species richness did not further decline in the N1 treatment but declined at increasing rates with increasing nitrogen load in the others. The rate of decline in the second year, plotted against nitrate load, fi tted an exponential relationship, allowing calculation of a critical load associated with a stable species richness of 0.61-0.64 mg NO3-NL -1 expressed as concentration in infl ow water, or of an empirically determined equivalent TN concentration in the lake water of about 1.50 mg N L -1 . This value broadly corresponds with estimates from fi eld data for concentrations associated with declining species richness and is much lower than values currently often found in lowland agricultural areas in Europe.