Keki R. Balsara

Left Ventricular Unloading by Impella Device Versus Surgical Vent During Extracorporeal Life Support

BACKGROUNDnPatients supported with extracorporeal life support (ECLS) can experience severe complications from increased left ventricular (LV) afterload. The Impella (Abiomed, Danvers, MA) percutaneous ventricular assist device (PVAD) may offer an attractive option for unloading the LV in these patients. This study describes the efficacy and outcomes of PVAD use during ECLS compared with surgically placed LV vent.nnnMETHODSnIn this retrospective study, we reviewed patients supported by ECLS with PVAD or surgical LV vent for cardiogenic shock between April 2010 and May 2016. Included were 23 patients with PVADs and 22 with surgical vents. Patients baseline characteristics, hemodynamic data, and outcomes were collected immediately preceding combined support initiation, at 48 hours, intensive care unit discharge, and 30 days.nnnRESULTSnAfter 48 hours, pulmonary artery diastolic pressure was significantly reduced in the PVAD (23.3 ±xa08.4 vs 15.6 ± 4.2, pxa0= 0.02) and surgical vent groups (20.1 ± 5.9 vs 15.6 ± 5.4, pxa0= 0.01), and radiographic evidence of pulmonary edema was reduced or unchanged in 90% of PVAD patients and in 76% of surgical vent patients. The primary end points of survival to 30 days (43% vs 32%, pxa0=xa00.42) and intensive care unit discharge (35% vs 23%, pxa0= 0.37) were not different between the two methods of support. The PVAD and surgical vent groups were also not significantly different in the rate of vascular complications or in the number decannulated from ECLS and transitioned to durable LV assist device.nnnCONCLUSIONSnPVAD use in ECLS patients is an effective means of LV unloading and preventing worsened pulmonary edema, with outcomes and complications that are comparable to surgical LV vent.

Complete Coronary Revascularization Improves Survival in Octogenarians

BACKGROUNDnCompleteness of revascularization is important for patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery, but information on its long-term impact in octogenarian patients is lacking.nnnMETHODSnFrom 1986 to 2004, 525 consecutive patients aged 80 years or more (mean age 82 ± 3 years) underwent coronary artery bypass graft surgery and were followed for a minimum of 10 years or until death. Outcome was stratified based on extent of revascularization, defined as total (graft to every diseased vessel), complete (graft to each region but not every diseased vessel), or incomplete (bypass not done to all suitable regions or vessels).nnnRESULTSnFollow-up of 3,155 patient-years (mean follow-up 73 ± 54 months) was 99% complete. Overall operative mortality was 8% (41 of 525), and was lower for elective than for urgent/emergent cases (4.2% versus 16% ± 6%, pxa0< 0.001, respectively). There was a trend toward higher operative mortality with incomplete (13% ± 6%) versus complete (8% ± 4%) or total revascularization (6% ± 3%; pxa0= 0.09). For operative survivors, mean survival was significantly improved with total and complete revascularization (6.9 and 6.8 years, respectively), compared with incomplete revascularization (5.4 years, p < 0.008). For total, complete, and incomplete revascularization, survival at 5 years was 61% ± 3%, 61% ± 4%, and 47% ± 5%, respectively. Ten-year survival was 27% ± 3%, 21% ± 3%, and 16% ± 4% (pxa0= 0.01), respectively, in these groups.nnnCONCLUSIONSnIncomplete revascularization in octogenarians is associated with decreased long-term survival when compared with total or complete revascularization. There was no survival benefit with total over complete revascularization. Octogenarians can have good long-term survival, especially with adequate revascularization.

The profound impact of combined severe acidosis and malperfusion on operative mortality in the surgical treatment of type A aortic dissection

Objectives: Surgery for type A aortic dissection is associated with a high operative mortality, and a variety of predictive risk factors have been reported. We hypothesized that a combination of risk factors associated with organ malperfusion and severe acidosis that are not currently documented in databases would be associated with a level of extreme operative risk that would warrant the consideration of treatment paradigms other than immediate ascending aortic surgery. Methods: Charts of patients undergoing repair of acute type A aortic dissection between January 1, 1996, and May 1, 2016, were queried for preoperative malperfusion, preoperative base deficit, pH, bicarbonate, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, severe aortic insufficiency, redo status, and preoperative intubation. Multivariable logistic analyses were considered to evaluate interested variables and operative mortality. Results: Between January 1, 1996, and May 1, 2016, 282 patients underwent surgical repair of type A aortic dissection. A total of 66 patients had a calculated base deficit −5 or greater. Eleven of 12 patients (92%) with severe acidosis (base deficit ≥−10) with malperfusion had operative mortality. No patient with severe acidosis with abdominal malperfusion survived. Multivariable analyses identified base deficit, intubation, congestive heart failure, dyslipidemia/statin use, and renal failure as predictors of operative death. The most significant predictor was base deficit −10 or greater (odds ratio, 9.602; 95% confidence interval, 2.649‐34.799). Conclusions: The combination of severe acidosis (base deficit ≥−10) with abdominal malperfusion was uniformly fatal. Further research is needed to determine whether the identification of extreme risk warrants consideration of alternate treatment options to address the cause of severe acidosis before ascending aortic procedures.

Implantation of left ventricular assist device in a patient with left ventricular non-compaction

Left ventricular noncompaction (LVNC) may result in systolic left ventricular (LV) failure resulting in the need for heart transplantation. LV assist devices (LVAD) have been used to bridge these patients to transplantation; however, the extensive trabeculations found in these patients predispose them to thromboembolic events and pump thrombosis. We describe a patient with LVNC in whom an aggressive surgical approach was used to debride the LV cavity of trabeculations to successfully implant an LVAD.

A single-center experience of 1500 lung transplant patients

Objective Over the past 30 years, lung transplantation has emerged as the definitive treatment for end‐stage lung disease. In 2005, the lung allocation score (LAS) was introduced to allocate organs according to disease severity. The number of transplants performed annually in the United States continues to increase as centers have become more comfortable expanding donor and recipient criteria and have become more facile with the perioperative and long‐term management of these patients. We report a single‐center experience with lung transplants, looking at patients before and after the introduction of LAS. Methods We retrospectively reviewed 1500 adult lung transplants at a single center performed between 1988 and 2016. Patients were separated into 2 groups, before and after the introduction of LAS: group 1 (April 1988 to April 2005; 792 patients) and group 2 (May 2005 to September 2016; 708 patients). Results Differences in demographic data were noted over these periods, reflecting changes in allocation of organs. Group 1 patient average age was 48 ± 13 years, and 404 subjects (51%) were male. Disease processes included emphysema (52%; 412), cystic fibrosis (18.2%; 144), pulmonary fibrosis (16.1%; 128) and pulmonary vascular disease (7.2%; 57). Double lung transplant (77.7%; 615) was performed more frequently than single lung transplant (22.3%; 177). Group 2 average age was 50 ± 14 years, and 430 subjects (59%) were male. Disease processes included pulmonary fibrosis (46%; 335), emphysema (25.8%; 188), cystic fibrosis (17.7%; 127) and pulmonary vascular disease (1.6%; 11). Double lung transplant (96.2%; 681) was performed more frequently than single lung transplant (3.8%; 27). Overall incidence of grade 3 primary graft dysfunction (PGD) in group 1 was significantly lower at 22.1% (175) than in group 2 at 31.6% (230) (P < .001). Nonetheless, overall hospital mortality was not statistically different between the 2 groups (4.4% vs 3.5%; P < .4). Most notably, survival at 1 year was statistically different at 646 (81.6%) for group 1 and 665 (91.4%) for group 2 (P < .02). Conclusions Patient demographics over the study period have changed with an increased number of fibrotic patients transplanted. In addition, more aggressive strategies with donor/recipient selection appear to have resulted in a higher incidence of primary graft dysfunction. This does not, however, appear to affect patient survival on index hospitalization or at 1 year. In fact, we have observed a significant improvement in survival at 1 year in the more recent era. This observation suggests that continued expansion of possible donors and recipients, coupled with a more sophisticated understanding of primary graft dysfunction and long‐term chronic rejection, can lead to increased transplant volume and prolonged survival.

Extracorporeal left ventricular circulatory support as a bridge to implantable LVAD for a patient with pan-left ventricular thrombosis.

We present the case of a 57 year old woman who developed pan-left ventricular thrombus while being supported with central extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support for cardiogenic shock. The left heart thrombus was evacuated emergently through the aortic valve, left atriotomy, and left ventriculotomy. The cannulation was then revised with the addition of a 36 French angled cannula in the apex of the left ventricle to decompress the ventricle, minimize stasis, and allow for any residual microthrombus to be trapped in the oxygenator membrane, not causing embolization. Once her neurological status was confirmed intact, a durable device was implanted. She recovered well without any neurological injury.

Lung Focused Resuscitation at a Specialized Donor Care Facility Improves Lung Procurement Rates

BACKGROUNDnLung procurement for transplantation occurs in approximately 20% of brain dead donors and is a major impediment to wider application of lung transplantation. We investigated the effect of lung protective management at a specialized donor care facility on lung procurement rates from brain dead donors.nnnMETHODSnOur local organ procurement organization instituted a protocol of lung protective management at a freestanding specialized donor care facility in 2008. Brain dead donors from 2001 to 2007 (early period) were compared with those from 2009 to 2016 (current period) for lung procurement rates and other solid-organ procurement rates using a prospectively maintained database.nnnRESULTSnAn overall increase occurred in the number of brain dead donors during the study period (early group, 791; late group, 1,333; p < 0.0001). The lung procurement rate (lung donors/all brain dead donors) improved markedly after the introduction of lung protective management (early group, 157 of 791 [19.8%]; current group, 452 of 1,333 [33.9%]; p < 0.0001). The overall organ procurement rate (total number of organs procured/donor) also increased during the study period (early group, 3.5 organs/donor; current group, 3.8 organs/donor; pxa0= 0.006).nnnCONCLUSIONSnLung protective management in brain dead donors at a specialized donor care facility is associated with higher lung utilization rates compared with conventional management. This strategy does not adversely affect the utilization of other organs in a multiorgan donor.

Internal driveline damage under the costal margin several years after HeartMate II implant: a series of three cases

Although the incidence of driveline failure has been significantly reduced with the major modification to the driveline connection to the HeartMate II left ventricular assist device (LVAD), internal and external driveline damage continues to be a major reason for pump exchange or driveline repair. We report three cases of internal driveline damage under the costal margin and in the adjacent abdominal wall. All three cases developed occasional electrical disruptions 2–5xa0years after the original LVAD implant through the median sternotomy. Two patients underwent subcostal LVAD exchange and one had driveline externalization and repair. The driveline velour was well adhered to the costal margin and wire damage was found at the costal margin as well as the subsequent segment in the abdominal wall. Repeated ante-flex bending of the abdominal wall over years appeared to cause the chronic wear and tear of the vertically located driveline under the costal margin. This report will confirm a pitfall of the LVAD driveline location which can potentially cause driveline damage in the mid-to-long term.

Rituximab Induced Pulmonary Edema Managed with Extracorporeal Life Support

Though rare, rituximab has been reported to induce severe pulmonary edema. We describe the first report of ECLS utilization for this indication. A 31-year-old female with severe thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura developed florid pulmonary edema after rituximab infusion. Despite advanced ventilatory settings, she developed severe respiratory acidosis and remained hypoxemic with a significant vasopressor requirement. Since her pulmonary insult was likely transient, ECLS was considered. Due to combined cardiorespiratory failure, she received support with peripheral venoarterial ECLS. During her ECLS course, she received daily plasmapheresis and high dose steroids. Her pulmonary function recovered and she was decannulated after 8 days. She was discharged after 23 days without residual sequelae.