Kengo Iokibe

Ground‐based network observation of Asian dust events of April 1998 in east Asia

We coordinated a ground-based network that has been in use since 1997 to observe Asian dust during springtime. Huge Asian dust events that occurred in the middle of April 1998 were captured by this network. In this paper we present the organization of the network; a description of the instruments, including the lidar, sky radiometer, and optical particle counter; and the results of the observation, and offer discussions regarding the transport mechanism of Asian dust in east Asia using an on-line tracer model. We discussed the time series of the surface concentration and the height distribution of the dust. A cutoff cyclone generated during the dust episode was responsible for trapping and sedimentation during the transportation of the Asian dust, particularly in the southern parts of China and Japan. Horizontal dust images derived from NOAA/AVHRR clearly revealed the structure of the vortex. The lidar network observation confirmed the general pattern of dust height distribution in this event; the height of the major dust layer was about 3 km over Japan but was higher (4 to 5 km) in Seoul and Hefei. A thin dust layer in the upper troposphere was also commonly observed in Hefei and Japan. Evidence of the coexistence of dust and cirrus was shown by the polarization lidar. The lidar network observation of Asian dust and satellite remote sensing provide key information for the study of the transport mechanism of Asian dust. Further extension of the lidar network toward the interior of the continent and the Pacific Rim would reveal the greater global mechanism of the transportation.

Experimental model validation of mode-conversion sources introduced to modal equivalent circuit

We have developed a modal-equivalent-circuit model with mode-conversion sources for clarifying the mode-conversion mechanism and considering countermeasures against common-mode noise by means of circuit analysis based on the proposed model. The modal equivalent circuit is divided into separate normal-mode and common-mode circuits obtained by applying the mode-decomposition technique to an actual circuit. The separate circuits are connected with the mode-conversion sources at the interface where two transmission lines with different current division factors (h) are connected. This model suggests that the mode conversion that occurs is likely related to the common-mode current and the normal-mode voltage at the interface and the difference in the current division factors (Δh). This paper validates the model experimentally. First, it is validated by changing the grounding conditions of a simple cable interconnection system. Next, the mode-conversion mechanism suggested by the mode-conversion sources is experimentally examined by matching on common mode and replacing a two-wire cable with a coaxial cable so that Δh becomes almost 0. Circuit simulation results obtained using the modal equivalent circuit with the mode-conversion sources agree well with measured results and this also demonstrates the models validity.

Lidar network observation of Asian dust (Kosa) in Japan

We have organized a network campaign for the observation of Asian dust in the spring of 1997 and 1998 in Japan. Through the communication with electric mail, we have successfully observed Kosa events by lidar, sunphotometer, and particle counter, etc. These data must be useful to analyze the transport mechanism of Asian dust and validate the satellite observations.

Miniaturization of Electromagnetic Bandgap (EBG) Structures with High-Permeability Magnetic Metal Sheet

Electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structures in a pair of parallel planes are quite effective for suppressing simultaneous switching noise, but they are too large to be applied to compact electronic devices. To miniaturize the EBG structures, we investigated an approach to interpose a high-permeability magnetic metal sheet between the parallel planes. The experimental results show that high permeability of the sheet shifts the stopband towards lower frequencies. This suggests that such sheets contribute to the miniaturization of the EBG structures. In addition, it is demonstrated that the imaginary part of the permeability can expand the stopband.

High-Resolution Measurement of Size Distributions of Asian Dust Using a Coulter Multisizer

Abstract A Coulter Multisizer, which is based on the electrical sensing zone (ESZ) or the Coulter principle, was used to measure the size distribution of Asian dust. Coulter Multisizer analysis provides high-resolution size measurements of water-insoluble aerosol particles (WIPs) and the number concentration at each size bin. Aerosol filter sampling was conducted at four sites in Japan during spring 2003. The measured volume size distributions fit fairly well with a lognormal distribution. The results show that the WIP size distributions of the same Asian dust air mass varied at each sampling site and the volume mode diameter at the sites reduced from west to east. The derived volume mode diameter ranged from 1.4 to 2.2 μm and was comparatively smaller than those in previous studies on Asian dust. This can be explained by the possible internal mixing of Asian dust with other components and by the breaking of particles and dispersion of aggregations by ultrasonification during extraction. The analysis meth...

Prediction of electromagnetic emissions from PCBs with interconnections through common-mode antenna model

A motherboard-daughterboard structure with a connector is known to have another source of common-mode radiated emissions, and the emissions depend on the connector’s signal/ground pin configuration. In order to estimate the amount of radiated emissions from the structure, a commonmode antenna model is described. The model consists of an excitation source and an antenna element, and it calculates radiated emissions from PCBs not only quickly but accurately for practical use. In modeling the board interconnection via a connector, we added two common-mode excitation sources at each end of the connector. The electromagnetic emissions estimated by the model agreed with the measurements within an error of 6 dB around peak emission levels between 300 and 600 MHz.

Experimental validation of imbalance difference model to estimate common-mode excitation in PCBs

We have proposed a common-mode antenna model that is designed specifically for estimating common-mode radiation from printed circuit boards (PCBs) very quickly. The model is composed of an antenna that has the same geometry as the adjacent ground plane of the PCB and an excitation source based on an imbalance difference model. The excitation source is provided by the product of Deltah and VN, where Deltah is the difference in current division factors related to the cross-sectional structure of the transmission line, and VN is the voltage between the signal line and return plane of the transmission line. Here, we describe an experimental validation of the common-mode excitation carried out by measuring the reduction in radiation due to a guard trace placed close to a signal line with a narrow return plane. As a result, it was found that the total common-mode excitation can be given by a superposition of two excitation sources. The results also suggest that when designing the PCB, the guard trace should be grounded at the interface between different ground-plane widths to suppress noise.

Effect of Mg loading on the high-frequency tunability of Ba0.8Sr0.2TiO3 ceramics

The effect of Mg loading on the high-frequency tunable properties and dielectric loss of Ba0.8Sr0.2Ti1−xMgxO3 (BSTM) ceramics was investigated. Variation in the lattice parameters and the 90° domain configuration with Mg loading indicated a decrease in the tetragonal distortion. Additionally, the 90° domain size decreased slightly with a low Mg loading, up to 0.1 mol %, resulting in a higher domain-wall density compared with the non-doped specimen. The 0.075 mol % Mg-loaded BSTM ceramic exhibited the highest tunability; this was attributed to the domain-size effect. The loss tangent (tan δ) roughly decreased with Mg loading, due to loaded oxygen vacancies. The maximum figure of merit value (FOM = tunability/tan δ) at 10 MHz was achieved for the 0.075 mol % Mg specimen, twice that of the non-doped specimen, due to an increase in the tunability and a decrease in the loss tangent with Mg loading.

Equivalent Circuit Modeling of Cryptographic Integrated Circuit for Information Security Design

In this study, equivalent circuit modeling was examined to develop a method to evaluate cryptographic systems before fabrication. An equivalent circuit model of a cryptographic FPGA in which an advanced encryption standard (AES) algorithm had been implemented was determined from experimental measurements under the initial configuration of a power distribution network (PDN) of the FPGA. The model was implemented into a commercial analog circuit simulator, and power traces due to the simultaneous switching noise current were estimated under three different PDN configurations in which a decoupling circuit was inserted into the PDN as an on-board countermeasure. Estimated power traces were analyzed statistically by the correlation power analysis method to obtain correlation values, a major security index of AES. Variation of the correlation values with changes in decoupling configuration agreed with the corresponding experimental results. This means that the security of cryptographic devices against side-channel attacks can be evaluated by using the equivalent circuit model before fabrication.

Prediction of the common-mode radiated emission from the board to board interconnection through common-mode antenna model

In this paper, the common-mode antenna model, which can estimate the amount of common-mode radiation quickly and accurately, was applied to a board-to-board interconnection structure with a connector. The inductor model is introduced as the connector model for improving accuracy of the common-mode antenna model. By using the inductance, which was calculated with the commercial electromagnetic field simulator, the radiated emissions estimated by the model agreed with the measurement results within an error of 3 dB around the peak emission levels.