Kerstin Holve

OCT-Based Macular Structure-Function Correlation in Dependence on Birth Weight and Gestational Age-the Giessen Long-Term ROP Study.

PURPOSE To compare retinal layer thicknesses in preterm and term-born children using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) and to correlate structure with retinal function. METHODS We performed SD-OCT single and volume scans in the foveal region of premature children aged 6 to 13 years without ROP (no-ROP, n = 100) and with spontaneously regressed ROP (sr-ROP, n = 50) documented with wide-angle digital imaging during routine screening for acute ROP, and 30 age-matched term-born children. Retinal layer segmentation and analysis was performed with custom-made software in single and volume-scans using an Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study grid-based method, and compared to light increment sensitivity (LIS) data obtained with a microperimeter at eccentricity points of 0°, 2.8°, and 8°, as previously described. RESULTS Overall, seven children had to be excluded due to poor image quality (n = 1 no-ROP; n = 2 sr-ROP; n = 4 term). Total retina, ganglion cell + inner plexiform layer (GCL+) and outer nuclear layer + external limiting membrane (ONL+) thickness at the foveal center in no-ROP and sr-ROP were significantly higher compared with term children. Gestational age (GA) and birth weight (BW) were inversely correlated with these layer thicknesses. Rod and cone outer segment length did not differ in either group. The ratio of ONL+ to the whole retina at 0° correlated significantly with reduced LIS. CONCLUSIONS Increased thicknesses of the entire retina or specific layers at the fovea did not correlate with functional loss; but a thinner ONL in retinae without foveal pit did. This reduced ONL+ ratio is potentially caused by a reduced foveal cone density and may be the first morphologic functional correlate in prematurity and ROP.

Structure-Function Correlation in Hemianopic Vision Loss in Children Aged 3-6 Years Using OCT and SVOP, and Comparison with Adult Eyes

Purpose: To correlate visual field assessment with saccadic vector optokinetic perimetry (SVOP) in children with ganglion cell loss due to anterior pathway pathologies resulting in hemianopic visual field defects measured with optical coherence tomography (OCT). Methods: 5 young (aged 3-6 years) and 5 adult patients with hemianopia, 10 healthy preschoolers (mean age 4.4 years), and 10 healthy adults (mean age 25.3 years) were tested with SVOP and OCT (focusing on the ganglion cell layer, GCL+). In adults, visual field testing was also performed with static and fundus-controlled perimetry. Results: OCT allowed precise structure analysis and showed a vertical border with GCL+ loss on the hemianopic side in children and adults compared to controls. SVOP showed visual field defects on the hemianopic side in peripheral regions and inadequate results at the parafoveal positions in both groups. In contrast, static and fundus-controlled perimetry showed a clear border in foveal and parafoveal regions. Conclusions: All children underwent SVOP with minimal restrictions, allowing functional evaluation of peripheral visual field positions. Parafoveal positions showed multiple false-positive results. The function-structure relationship is measurable even in young children by using the GCL+ analysis. This combination of novel child-friendly techniques allows collecting objectively measured values and simplifies diagnosis and follow-up in treatment.

Choroidal Thickness with Swept-Source Optical Coherence Tomography versus Foveal Morphology in Young Children with a History of Prematurity

Aim: Comparison of choroidal thickness (CT) and foveal morphology as seen with swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) in children with a history of treated or spontaneously regressed retinopathy of prematurity (tROP or srROP) to assess the impact on best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA). Methods: CT was measured by SS-OCT (DRI-OCT Triton; Topcon, USA) single scans of a 6-mm diameter around the fovea in 17 children with tROP or srROP (4–7 years of age) and compared to 25 controls (age-matched children and adults). The disproportion of the outer nuclear layer and inner retinal layers at the fovea (i.e., the ONL+/IRL ratio) as a measure of macular developmental arrest (MDA) was manually analyzed. BCVA was tested with ETDRS letter charts and correlated with the morphology. Results: CT was significantly thinner in children with tROP and srROP compared to term-born healthy children (nKids) at all measurement marks (p < 0.001), and mostly affected in the subfoveal area. tROP showed the lowest CT. CT allowed no direct conclusion about ONL+/IRL, but correlated positively with BCVA. Conclusions: Reduced CT in children with a history of ROP is linked to ROP severity. These findings overlap with the degree of MDA. CT appears to be involved in ROP, but MDA showed a higher impact on the BCVA of the examined cohort.

Correlation of central visual function and ROP risk factors in prematures with and without acute ROP at the age of 6–13 years: the Giessen long-term ROP study

Aim To correlate light increment sensitivity (LIS) and visual acuity (VA) with birth weight (BW), gestational age (GA) and stage of acute retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) (STG) in premature children at school age. Methods 180 children (150 former prematures and 30 age-matched term-born children) were enrolled at age 6–13 years. Former prematures were categorised by the results of the initial ROP screening based on digital wide-field fundus imaging: absence of ROP (n=100) and spontaneously resolved ROP (n=50). The latter group was further subdivided according to their STG (Stg 1; Stg 2; Stg 3). Both groups were categorised into sectors by BW (<1000 g; 1000–1500 g; >1500 g), and GA (≤28 weeks; >28<32 weeks; ≥32 weeks). VA was assessed with Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study letters, LIS was measured at 0°, 2.8° and 8° in the visual field (Microperimeter MP1, Nidek Technologies), and spherical equivalent refraction assessed with a Nidek autorefractor (Nidek, Italy). Results Central and pericentral LIS (0° and 2.8°) and VA were significantly lower in all groups and sectors compared with term-born controls except for BW >1500 g for LIS and GA >28 to <32 W for VA. No significant differences were found for LIS at 8° in all groups. No correlation was found between LIS and VA on an individual basis. Conclusions Low BW, GA and increasing severity of spontaneously resolving ROP were associated with significantly decreased central visual function. In addition to VA, LIS measurement further describes foveal function and is a unique parameter to assess parafoveal function.