Khan Muhammad Brohi

Econtrol Dyeing Process: An Ecological and Economical Approach

Ecology and economy are among the most used catch words of our time, and their significance is of the greatest possible importance for the survival of textile industry. Econtrol dyeing process was introduced by Dystar and Monforts in ITMA in 1995 to provide the textile dyer with a dyeing system that would produce a simple, rapid, and economical, continuous dyeing method for cellulosic fibers with minimal chemical usage. The most significant and unique feature of this process is that it does not use a separate fixation step, i.e., steaming, curing, or dwell time, which is essential and associated with the conventional reactive dyeing methods in practice. It can be used to dye all ranges of shades that can be obtained with reactive dyes through various dyeing processes on all cellulosic fibers such as cotton, viscose, tencel, and linen. This paper represents a review of the economical and ecological merits offered by this process in comparison with other continuous dyeing methods. The example of Afroze Textile Mills Limited, Karachi, Pakistan, is provided as a case study which is running this process successfully since last 5 years.

Cold Pad Batch Dyeing: Eco-friendly Dye Application on Cotton

Over the last few decades, the environmental impact of dyes and processes has become an increasingly large part of the dyer’s task. In recent years, the “default” choice is reactive dyes because of their generally good fastness to wet treatments and good range/brightness of shades. In seeking to achieve eco-friendly responsibility in dye application, there is no single solution since there is no single definition of what is green or environmentally responsible. Environmental responsibility is best achieved in cold pad batch application since little or no electrolyte is required, dye fixation is at ambient temperature, and fixation is high. This chapter represents general methodology of cold pad batch dyeing (CPB) of cotton fabric with reactive dyes and gives approach to eco-friendliness of this process.

Improving Methane Production through Co-Digestion of Canola Straw and Buffalo Dung by H2O2 Pretreatment

In this study an effect of acidic pretreatment on the CS (Canola Straw) and BD (Buffalo Dung) by anaerobic co-digestion was investigated. H2O2 (Hydrogen Peroxide) is a mainly accustomed reagent, used as a bleaching agent in the different industries such as paper and wood. In the present study, it was used as a pretreatment chemical at varying concentrations in batch reactors. The co-digestion of CS and BD was carried out in SAMPTS (Semi-Automatic Methane Potential Test System) at mesophilic (37±1oC) conditions. The CS was pretreated in glass bottles with different concentrations of the H2O2 for seven days. The inoculum used in the present study was an effluent of the CSTR (Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor), which was treating BD at mesophilic conditions. The specific methane production from the codigestion of canola straw and BD, by the pretreatment of H2O2 at concentrations of 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5% were 530.8, 544.5, and 510.3 NmL CH4 g/VS, respectively. The significant reduction in the volatile solids of CS was observed at the optimum pretreatment of 1.0% H2O2.

Environmental Impacts of KPT Commercial Office Building, Karachi

Urban Development especially the construction of high-rise buildings in Pakistan is encouraged by investors; therefore the need of the hour is Environmentally Sustainable Urban Development. This chapter outlines the environmental impacts of Karachi port trust’s commercial office building during construction and operational phases. The analysis is based on screening, scoping, prediction and evaluation. The purpose of this research paper was to test the hypothesis that high-rise buildings have negative environmental impacts during construction and operation. For this purpose, the KPT tower complex, proposed high-rise building of Pakistan which has 78 stories, was selected. This was achieved by critical study of site, literature review, secondary data from different sources and with special contribution of Pakistan upper and atmospheric research commission regarding the data about ambient air quality monitoring, and shadow analysis of the building. The adverse impacts which have been identified while analyzing the proposed KPT tower complex are construction waste water, construction waste, health and safety of the workers, marine and ecological impacts (Mangroves), waste water discharge, solid waste generation and disposal, energy consumption and traffic flow and the positive impacts are identified as generation of employment. The research concludes that the proposed building may pose negative as well as positive impacts. Further study regarding the evaluation of EIA system in Pakistan and the review of status of implementation of EMP in EIA reports of buildings has been suggested.

Environmental Policies for New Road Network of Pakistan to Control Air Emissions

Most of the developing countries face a lack of infrastructure facilities and the road transport network is one of them. In this chapter, first Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) is carried out for proper combination of policies for economic and environmental impacts of air emissions. Second, for the estimation of economic and environmental impacts of this project, a multiregional Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model is proposed. Third, impacts of the new road network that connects south and northwest of Pakistan are analyzed using CGE model. It is found that construction of this project is going to change the industrial structure, especially in production of manufacturing sector, and it will also change the Equivalent Variation (EV). It is also observed that most of the economic and environmental impacts of air emissions appeared in northwest part of Pakistan. Finally, the combination of policies for desired economic and environmental impacts of air emissions in project is proposed