Mohammad Aslam Uqaili

Prospects of Renewable Energy for Meeting Growing Electricity Demand in Pakistan

Pakistan is an energy deficit country. About half of the countrys population has access to electricity and per capita supply is only 520 kWh. Majority of the countrys population resides in rural areas and most of them are yet without electricity. Conventional electricity generation includes 66.8% thermal, 30% hydel and 3.3% nuclear. It has been projected that electricity demand in Pakistan will increase in the range of 12 MTOE to 17 MTOE by the year 2018, at an average growth rate of about 5% to 7% and will require installed capacity of about 35 GW to 50 GW. Indigenous reserves of oil and gas are limited and the country heavily depends on imported oil. Thermal power generation on the other hand also pollutes the environment. This paper presents the availability of renewables such as hydel, solar, wind and biomass energy, and their prospects for meeting growing electricity demand in Pakistan and subsequent contribution in air pollution abatement. The study concludes that there is substantial potential of...

Energy, environment and sustainable development

Introduction * Modeling of energy and environment for sustainable development. * The importance of gender equality when planning for environmental sustainability. * Food security and sustainable development. * Sustainable power supply- short term and long term planning. * Tariff - its importance for sustainability of power sector. * Sustainable development indicators for energy. * The existence of energy managers in an industry - a need of the time in the energy starved environment. * South Asia and management of energy security. * Status and need of energy education in Pakistan. * Survival of textile sector through energy management & monitoring. * Indigenous knowledge: the way to sustainable development - community participation in environmental issues. * Forecasting electricity demand for agricultural and services sector of Pakistan. * A promising technology of pressure into power - a case study of pressure into power approach in gas transmission lines. * Development of sustainable ecomaterial for engineering applications. * Flood water management of Mithawan hill torrent in D.G. Khan of Pakistan. * Implementation of environmental policies for new road network of developing countries: case study of Pakistan. * Solar drying of fruits, vegetables, medicinal plants and fish: developments and potentials. * Utilizing solar thermal energy for textile processing units. * Wind power performance improvements using artificial neural network controller for dc/dc converter. * Ethanol production from thermotolerant kluyveromyces marxianus yeast growing at 65 c using sugar cane molasses in controlled bioreactor. * Municipal solid waste management: options for its treatment & energy recovery. * Socio-economic and socio-cultural change after light through solar home systems (SHS) at district Tharparkar. * Practical applications of solar energy at desert of Tharparkar. * Tidal power harnessing technologies for Pakistan. * Bio-hydrogen production by microalgae microcysis aeruginosa: using optical fiber as an internal light source. * Assessment of land-based pollution sources in the Mediterranean Sea along Gaza Coast-Palestine. * Fluidization in cold flow circulating fluidized bed system. * Environmental impacts of untreated effluents from sugar industry- A case study. * Environmental and social impact: analysis of KPT commercial office building, Karachi. * Air pollution control: a route to safer and healthier environment. * Investigation of environmental pollution caused by vehicles service stations in Taxila city. * Study of noise impacts on human health in textile based cottage industries. * Source mechanism and seismotectonic investigations of earthquake of October 28, 2008 in Ziarat. * Modeling of municipal solid waste management. * Improve bio-degradability by recovering humic substance in MSW landfill leachate. * Bottom ash analysis of MSW incineration on laboratory scale by XRF. * Hospital waste generation and management - a case study of hospitals in Karachi. * Role of scavengers in the collection of recyclable solid waste material in Hyderabad city, Pakistan. * Two stage bioreactor: sustainable landfill. * Hydrothermal process for restaurant garbage. * Biotechnological approach for the treatment of waste water. * Cause and effect of newly developed organic polymer for treatment of Indus river water. * Contamination of sewage water by effluents of industry into Fulali canal water, Hyderabad city. * Biological approach to solve the salinity problem in selected saline areas of Samundri, Faisalabad. * Catalytic effect of Bl and Bl + ca mixed catalyst on sulfur containing gases of Pakistan lignite chars. * New stationary phase material for GC separation of organic compounds. * Pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate as a reagent for GC analysis of metal ions. * Study of kinetic & thermodynamic parameters using thermotolerant kluyveromyces marxianus yeast for the production of ethanol in 23l fermentor under optimized conditions. * Industrial effluent treatment by photocatalytic degradation of sodium dodecylbenzensulfonate (DBS). * A sustainably promising technology for the production of quality Castor Oil & its future prospects. * Cold pad-batch dyeing: ecofriendly dye application on cotton. * Improved sustainability of cotton sulphur dyeing using pad-ox processes. * E-control dyeing process: an ecological and economical approach.

Potential of On-shore Wind Power in the Coastal Areas of Balochistan, Pakistan

Balochistan province has about 800 km long coastline whose continental shelf extends to a distance of 15–40 km. Pakistan Meteorological Department has recorded wind speed for two years at 22 on-shore locations at 10 m and 30 m heights and estimated at 50 m height using power law. The wind duration availability in terms of numbers of hours the wind remained in a particular bin was also calculated by constructing the wind rose diagrams. The mean value of two years has been estimated and used in this study for the construction of wind duration curves for 20 selected locations. Using wind duration curves and Nordex N43/600 wind turbine as reference turbine, theoretical wind power potential at these locations has been estimated. The geographical potential has been estimated considering population density and excluding low wind areas. Finally, the technical potential has been estimated. The theoretical potential at most of the sites is in the range of 1000–1400 full load hours per year. The suitable area for wind turbine installation has been estimated as 7,700 km2. The annual technical potential of centralized grid connected wind power in the coastal area of Balochistan has been estimated as 42.5 TWh, which is about half of the current gross electricity generation in Pakistan.

Multi Criteria Optimization Algorithm for Economic Dispatch Complications for Sustainable Interconnected Power System

Power system engineers are facing difficulty in economic operation of the large interconnected power system. Economic dispatch of large interconnected power system is complex, constrained and nonlinear problem which require rigorous and complex calculations before taking any decision apropos to power dispatch. Evolutionary algorithms have been nowadays frequently used for optimum performance of nonlinear and complex systems. This paper proposed to develop an evolutionary algorithm which considers all constraints of power dispatch for economic operation of the power system.

Assessment of Wind Home System's Potential in Coastal Areas of Pakistan

About 50 and 90 percent of the total population of rural coastal areas of Sindh and Balochistan provinces respectively have no access to electricity and meet lighting requirements through kerosene and LPG. The population density in rural coastal areas of Sindh and Balochistan provinces is about 100–150 and 10–50 persons per km2 respectively. Extension of existing centralized grid system to rural areas with very low population density and small‐scattered loads is economically and technically unfeasible. In this situation, decentralized renewable electricity especially wind power appears to be one of the viable option. This paper presents the assessment of potential of wind home systems (WHS) for rural electrification in coastal areas of Pakistan using the wind speed data recorded by Pakistan Metrological Department (PMD) and power curve of a reference wind turbine. Pakistan has 1050 km long coastline, of which, 250 km is falling in Sindh and 800 km in Balochistan. A 150 Wp wind turbine could generate about...

Municipal Solid Waste Management: Options for Its Treatment and Energy Recovery

The amount of municipal solid waste (MSW) generation varies with the population, seasonal variation, and also with the localities of the cities. Different treatment methods are available for the treatment of MSW. These methods also depend upon the composition of MSW and the facilities available in that particular locality. The most commonly used treatment methods include land filling, composting, and incineration. In this study, estimates were worked out for the amount of MSW generated in seven large cities (Karachi, Lahore, Faisalabad, Hyderabad, Multan, Peshawar, and Quetta) of Pakistan during the period 1998–2008. Based on the available data, estimations have also been made by extrapolation for the next decade. The population of selected cites is in millions and is increasing rapidly every year. These cities generate huge quantities of MSW daily; however, these wastes are not managed properly. Populations beyond control and poor management of MSW have further been the reasons of environmental pollution and spread of disastrous diseases in these localities. Incineration technology has been focused as it involves the combustion of organic materials and/or substances. Studies further revealed that incineration reduces the volume of MSW to 95%. From the current statistics, the electricity/power potential of Karachi (204.3 MWh), Lahore (140.6 MWh), Faisalabad (37.3 MWh), Hyderabad (22.6 MWh), Multan (23.6 MWh), Peshawar (17 MWh), and Quetta (9.54 MWh) had been worked out. The studies suggest that by adopting incineration technology for MSW management, the volume of MSW can be reduced substantially in addition to power generation, which will lessen the burden on other sources.

Practical Application of Solar Energy at Desert of Tharparkar, Pakistan

Tharparkar is a backward district of Sindh, Pakistan. Most of the rural population of this district suffers from poverty and is deprived of very basic necessities of life such as drinking water and electricity. Demographic pattern was the main hurdle for rural electrification as the villages are scattered far apart in a random manner and a grid supplied electrical distribution was not technically feasible. Solar energy is one of the alternatives for rural electrification and other applications at desert of Tharparkar. This chapter presents the practical applications of solar energy at desert of Tharparkar, Pakistan. Alternative Energy Development Board (AEDB) has successfully electrified 50 villages of Tharparkar district through about 168 kW of DC power. A solar refrigerator has also been installed at BHU of village Khensir taluka Chacharo to store vaccines for snake bites and other lifesaving drugs. Remarkable socioeconomic and sociocultural change has been visualized in the dark areas which has been brightened through solar energy.

Forecasting Electricity Demand for Agricultural and Services Sector of Pakistan

Electricity has brought many things that surely have made many wonders and life would seem so hard without it. Electricity powers our light, heating, electronic appliances such as computers and television, pumping water, and a host of essential services that we take for granted. The demand of electricity in Pakistan is increasing rapidly despite its disrupted supply. Its demand in the Agricultural and Services sectors of the country is dependent on GDP and the past year’s electricity demand. Various models have been developed to forecast the demand. Autotendential models have been used for first approximation; then different energy economic models have been used. Finally, statistically significant MDEE model has been used. Durbin–Watson d- and h-statistic, adjusted R 2 values, and F-statistic have been found statistically significant. The Modified Dynamic Energy Economic model used in this study takes Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) technique into account. This chapter forecasts the electricity demand for the Agricultural and Services sectors, under different scenarios for the period 2007–2030. It results in that the demand will be in the range of 82,000–122,000 GWh in the year 2030.

Wind Power Performance Improvements Using Artificial Neural Network Controller for DC–DC Converter

Pakistan is nowadays facing serious energy crises, especially in power sector due to increase in load demand. To bridge the gap between load demand and generation of electricity, the wind power is a cheapest indigenous solution. Wind power these days is gaining popularity as a growing renewable energy source in the world because of its environmentally clean and safe usage. For generation of wind power, the trend is to install large wind farms either onshore or offshore. These wind farms consist of a large number of wind turbines. Onshore wind farms cover large areas of land but an interesting option is to build offshore wind farms because of higher average wind speeds at sea. In wind power generation, power electronics converters are widely used because of their manifold advantage. DC–DC topologies are most commonly used in wind farms because of their high efficiency and compact size. A single-active bridge (SAB) converter being simple in topology has recently drawn attraction of many researchers. Such converter despite its simple design and number of attractive features produces oscillations. Therefore, it is imperative to design an appropriate controller to minimize the oscillations. The artificial neural network is proposed for the SAB converter and it is believed to handle oscillations.

Technologies for Harnessing Tidal Power in Pakistan

Pakistan is facing a somber power crisis due to lessening of conventional energy sources of energy. There is a large gap between demand and supply of electricity, which is about 2.5–5 GW, registering a shortfall of more than 20%. Alertness of global warming and climate changes menacing the earth noticeably, we are all responsible to evade exploitation of fuel energy, particularly CO2 emitting. The need for exploring alternative, environmental-friendly, and renewable energy resources has therefore become more foreseeable. Tidal power is the clean and white energy technology, which is available at no fuel cost and minimal running cost. The coastline of Pakistan, which is about 1,045 km long with dominant features, is the best resource for harnessing tidal energy. The tidal energy resources present in the oceans are of much higher density and better reliability than any other renewable for the likely future. Though tidal power is predictable and available in the form of blocks of energy, it may not solve the energy crisis, but can decrease the reliance on fossil fuels. It can spread our energy resources and meet stringent greenhouse gas emission targets. The chapter presents the assessment of tidal power harnessing technologies and selection of suitable technology for Pakistan. Despite the fact that tidal power has not yet been introduced in Pakistan compared to other renewable energy technologies, but in near future it may play a key role. The study concludes that the tidal stream power technology is the best technology for tidal pilot power plants in the coastal creeks of Pakistan.