Kim Philip Schumacher

Analysis of land-use change in a sector of Upper Franconia (Bavaria, Germany) since 1850 using land register records

This study analyses changes in the landscape of a sector of Upper Franconia (Bavaria, Germany) by comparing land use changes over four time periods (1850, 1900, 1960, 2000). Geodetic and other data derived from the Bavarian real estate tax and land register were entered into various temporal layers of a land register-based vector GIS. This multitemporal GIS permits a precise analysis of the historical structure and development of landscapes on the basis of land plots.In 1850, the study area was almost exclusively agricultural in structure. Woodlands made up only 18% of the total surface. Rough pastures and wastelands, which covered about 9% of the total surface, were used for grazing. During the first half of the 20th century, the proportion of wooded areas increased considerably. The rough pastures that had formerly been a typical feature of the region nearly disappeared during this period. Agricultural use declined to less than 50% of the total area. In the course of the period between 1960 and 2000, the livestock industry has become an almost exclusively indoor activity. Village development has started spilling over into the adjacent fields. The causes and background of these changes are discussed in detail.From an ecological standpoint, the land use categories surveyed in this analysis of landscape change can be regarded as vegetation types, thereby constituting habitats for specialized biota. The intensity and frequency of any type of land use creates a certain disturbance regime, which disrupts and controls the succession in a certain way. The concept of categories of change incorporated into the GIS helps to evaluate these habitat types and the rate of change more accurately, e.g. for nature conservation purposes.

Use of molluscs, fish, and other marine taxa by tourism in Zanzibar, Tanzania

The collection of shells is a popular tourist activity in coastal areas of tropical countries. Tourists also buy shells, particularly large gastropods, which may be important species in marine ecosystems. While some, though outdated, information exists on the magnitude of the international trade with ornamental shells, virtually nothing is known about the extent of the regional tourist-related curio trade. A survey in Zanzibar, Tanzania, showed that 39% of the tourists had collected shells and 7% had bought shells, contributing US

Tourism and street children in Antananarivo, Madagascar.

136,000 to the local economy. The weight of shells exported from Zanzibar by tourists may have been in the order of 13 t. Regarding other marine species, tourists consume only 1% of the fish catches, but they have substantially increased the consumption of crustaceans and the trade in shark teeth and jaws.

Using GIS to analyse long-term cultural landscape change in Southern Germany

The interaction of tourists and marginalised population groups in developing countries has remained poorly researched. In particular, the relevance of tourism for street children as one of the most vulnerable groups in urban agglomerations has never been investigated. In this contribution, the situation of street children in Antananarivo, Madagascar is analysed. The paper seeks to discuss whether tourism encourages begging, thus increasing the number of street children and depriving them of access to education — which would represent a process of long-term disempowerment — or if tourism supports the survival of human beings living on the edge of society, as claimed by pro poor tourism advocates.