Kiran Thakur

Anti-Cancerous Potential of Polysaccharide Fractions Extracted from Peony Seed Dreg on Various Human Cancer Cell Lines Via Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis

In this study, four homo/heterogenous polysaccharides (HBSS, CHSS, DASS, and CASS) extracted from peony seed dreg with respective molecular weights of 3467, 4677, 229, and 56 kDa were evaluated for anti-cancerous attributes in prostate cancer cells (Pc-3), colon cancer cells (HCT-116), human breast cancer cells (MCF-7), cervical cancer (Hela cells) and human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK 293) cells as control. Among them, CASS and DASS extracted by alkali, consisted of 34.43% Gal, 26.39% Ara, 21.80% Glc and 35.77% Ara, 19.35% Gal, 17.77% Man, respectively. CASS fraction had the most significant inhibitory effects on all the cell lines used whereas HBSS had least effect. The CASS shown remarkable inhibition and cytotoxic effects in Hela cells followed by other cell lines as compared to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). CASS arrested cell cycle in G0/G1 phase except MCF-7 cells and increased apoptotic cells percentage varied in different treated cells. CASS down regulated the expression of Cyclin A/B1/D1/E1, CDK-1/2/4/6 and p15/16/21/27 excluding p53. The notable change in expression of proteins (Cytochrome C, Bax, Bcl-2, p-Caspase-3, -8, -9, and PARP) was observed followed by Apaf-1 and Survivin. These findings indicated that CASS has an anti-cancerous potential in the treatment of human cancers which make it a potent candidate in functional foods.

Effect of natural polyphenol on the oxidative stability of pecan oil.

We evaluated the antioxidant activity of natural polyphenols which gives high oxidative stability to the pecan oil. The in vitro DPPH radical scavenging, reducing power and total antioxidant activity of tested antioxidants demonstrated that tannic acid displayed the highest DPPH scavenging activity and provided the largest reducing power. During storage of pecan oil, based on oxidative stability tests, we further evaluated the protective effect of polyphenols and synthetic antioxidants on the oxidative stability of pecan oil. The results showed that caffeic acid inhibited oxidation of pecan oil effectively. Sesamol and catechin showed slight improvement in oxidative stability, while ferulic acid, erucic acid and rutin had no effect. Taken together, compared with synthetic antioxidants (TBHQ, BHT, BHA), caffeic acid was observed to be stronger than BHT and BHA and was close to TBHQ.

Antioxidant and antibacterial evaluation of polysaccharides sequentially extracted from onion ( Allium cepa L.)

We investigated the antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of sequentially extracted onion polysaccharide fractions namely HBSS, CHSS, DASS and CASS. The different antioxidant assays indicated that ACLPs exhibited potentially appreciable antioxidant activity in a dose-dependent manner. Among all the fractions, CHSS rendered the highest antioxidant action towards ABTS radical cations (97.52%), Fe2+ chelating (98.94%) and superoxide anion radical scavenging (76.27%). Whereas, HBSS possessed the highest potential for DPPH radicals (93.68%), hydroxyl radicals (65.12%) as well as for reducing power (0.559). CASS exhibited the highest lipid peroxidation inhibition (86.43%), while, DASS showed the best β-carotene bleaching inhibition (92.26%). Furthermore, regardless of the bacterial strain, DASS represented the strongest antibacterial activity on the basis of largest inhibition zone, the lowest minimal inhibitory concentration and maximum inhibition of bacterial growth in liquid medium. Overall results indicated that ACLPs hold a promise as potential natural antioxidant additives and antimicrobial agents for formulating the functional foods with potential applications in the medical and food industries.

Thermal and Antioxidant Properties of Polysaccharides Sequentially Extracted from Mulberry Leaves (Morus alba L.).

Polysaccharides from natural plant products are gaining considerable attention due to their multi-faceted health effects, as well their functional applications in food production. We reported the sequential extraction of mulberry leaf polysaccharides (MLPs) with hot buffer (HBSS), chelating agent (CHSS), dilute alkali (DASS) and concentrated alkali (CASS), in order to obtain polysaccharide fractions. Monosaccharide analysis proved that galactose (27.07%) and arabinose (25.99%) were the major sugars in HBSS, whereas arabinose (30.55%) was the major sugar in CHSS, and glucose was the major sugar in DASS (24.96%) and CASS (27.51%). The molecular weights of the polysaccharide fractions were 7.812 × 103 (HBSS), 3.279 × 103 (CHSS), 6.912 × 103 (DASS), and 1.408 × 103 kDa (CASS). HBSS and CASS showed the largest peak temperature and the highest endothermic enthalpy, respectively. Different antioxidant assays showed that the MLPs possessed appreciable antioxidant activities in a dose-dependent manner. At 5 mg/mL, HBSS and DASS possessed the largest 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) radical scavenging activity (96.82%). HBSS exhibited the highest reducing power, and DASS rendered the strongest ABTS radical scavenging activity (99.69%). CHSS performed the best hydroxyl radical scavenging activity (64.22%) and Fe2+-chelating ability (96.36%). Our results suggested that MLPs could be a promising source of natural antioxidants for use in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries.

Insights into physicochemical and functional properties of polysaccharides sequentially extracted from onion (Allium cepa L.)

Onion polysaccharides (ACLP) were sequentially extracted with four different solvents (hot buffer, chelating agent, dilute alkaline and concentrated alkaline) and obtained four fractions, named as HBSS, CHSS, DASS and CASS, respectively. The present studies characterized the ACLP concerning its physicochemical and functional properties. Monosaccharides analysis revealed that mannose (81.68%) was the dominant sugar in HBSS and galactose (67.59%) was the most in CASS. Similarly, CHSS and DASS possessed mannose and galactose as major sugar, which were 25.80% and 31.37%, 20.33% and 33.96%, respectively. The obtained molecular weight of ACLPs were 7.702×103 (HBSS), 4.690×103 (CHSS), 4.943×103 (DASS) and 1.390×103kDa (CASS). CASS resulted in the strongest solubility, fat-binding capacity, foam capacity and foam stability whereas, HBSS showed the highest thermal stability. DASS showed the best hygroscopicity and the best moisture retention was obtained by CHSS. Subsequently, the emulsifying activity and emulsifying stability were the highest for HBSS and the longest for of CASS, respectively. The rheological properties of CHSS exhibited the largest viscosity. Our results indicated that all factions could be considered as functional polysaccharides according to their respective characteristics, which have vast potential in food production.

The rheological behavior of polysaccharides sequential extracted from Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua

The present study investigated the rheological properties of polysaccharides (HBSS, CHSS, DASS, CASS) sequentially extracted from Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua. The monosaccharide, uronic acid, total carbohydrate, protein content of four polysaccharides were analyzed. The total carbohydrate content of PCHPs (HBSS, CHSS, DASS, and CASS) were 78.39, 71.86, 69.99 and 73.73% respectively, containing Rha, Ara, Man, Gal besides uronic acid and protein. The non-Newtonian fluidic nature of PCHPs was affected by the types of polysaccharides, concentration, temperature, pH, types and concentration of salt ions. Specifically, the apparent viscosity of four PCHPs solutions at 1%(w/w) concentration were shown as CHSS>HBSS>CHSS>CASS with increased concentration and shear thinning phenomenon and decreased system temperature. Subsequently, the apparent viscosity of four PCHPs at pH 10 or pH 4 were lower than that at pH 7. The Na+ increased the apparent viscosity of HBSS at increasing concentrations, while, decreased for remaining fractions with increasing Na+ concentration. Moreover, higher Ca2+ concentration was inversely proportional to apparent viscosity of four PCHPs. The oscillatory rheological properties showed that linear viscoelastic region of PCHPs was 1-4% which resulted into viscoelastic material. HBSS, DASS and CASS at 0.1%(w/w) showed more viscous behavior at low frequency and enhanced elastic property with the increasing oscillation frequency.

Valorization of Spent Escherichia coli Media Using Green Microalgae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Feedstock Production

The coupling of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii biomass production for nutrients removal of Escherichia coli anaerobic broth (EAB) is thought to be an economically feasible option for the cultivation of microalgae. The feasibility of growing microalgae in using EAB high in nutrients for the production of more biomass was examined. EAB comprised of nutrient-abundant effluents, which can be used to produce microalgae biomass and remove environment pollutant simultaneously. In this study, C. reinhardtii 21gr (cc1690) was cultivated in different diluted E. coli anaerobic broth supplemented with trace elements under mixotrophic and heterotrophic conditions. The results showed that C. reinhardtii grown in 1×, 1/2×, 1/5× and 1/10×E. coli anaerobic broth under mixotrophic conditions exhibited specific growth rates of 2.71, 2.68, 1.45, and 1.13 day-1, and biomass production of 201.9, 184.2, 175.5, and 163.8 mg L-1, respectively. Under heterotrophic conditions, the specific growth rates were 1.80, 1.86, 1.75, and 1.02 day-1, and biomass production were 45.6, 29.4, 15.8, and 12.1 mg L-1, respectively. The removal efficiency of chemical oxygen demand, total-nitrogen and total-phosphorus from 1×E. coli anaerobic broth was 21.51, 22.41, and 15.53%. Moreover, the dry biomass had relatively high carbohydrate (44.3%) and lipid content (18.7%). Therefore, this study provides an environmentally sustainable as well economical method for biomass production in promising model microalgae and subsequently paves the way for industrial use.

A possible water-soluble inducer for synthesis of cellulase in Aspergillus niger

The synthesis of cellulase in filamentous fungi can be triggered by several inducers. In this study, a bamboo-shoot shell pretreated with Pleurotus ostreatus could promote the formation of cellulases in Aspergillus niger. Further identification, including UPLC-TOF-MS, ultrafiltration, and FT-IR, denoted that the soluble inducer was not a traditional disaccharide but a type of modified lignin polymer. This revelation may result in incipient strategies to ameliorate cellulase productivity.

Antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of polysaccharides sequentially extracted from Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua

We examined the antioxidant and antimicrobial attributes of Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua polysaccharides (HBSS, CHSS, DASS, CASS). The UV spectra and FT-IR results showed the purity and acidic nature of polysaccharides with β-configurations. DASS (78.585% hydroxyl radical scavenging, 92.794% ABTS radical scavenging, 75.648% DPPH radical scavenging activity, 0.582 reducing power and 98.721% Fe2+ chelation at 5mg/mL) possessed the best antioxidant potential; while, HBSS (21.113% hydroxyl radical scavenging, 14.412% ABTS radical scavenging, 28.005% DPPH radical scavenging activity, 0.285 reducing power and 48.969% Fe2+ chelation at 5mg/mL) was observed with the lowest antioxidant action. The bacterial inhibition effect of four PCHPs on Gram-positive organisms (B. subtilis and S. aureus with the maximum inhibitory diameters of 18.9 and 15.8mm, respectively) was better than that of Gram-negative bacteria (E. coli and S. typhimurium with the maximum inhibitory diameters of 10.9 and 8.4mm, respectively). The bacterial sensitivity was observed in the following order: B. subtilis>S. aureus>E. coli>S. typhimurium. The trend of antibacterial action of PCHPs was in following order: DASS>CHSS>CASS>HBSS. DASS can be considered as natural anti-oxidant as well as spoilage inhibitors to enhance the nutritive and functional values of various foods.

Effects of different chemical modifications on the antibacterial activities of polysaccharides sequentially extracted from peony seed dreg

Four types of sequentially extracted peony seed dreg polysaccharides (PSDPs) fractions were modified through sulfation, phosphorylation and carboxymethylation and studied for their in vitro antioxidant characteristics. The modified derivatives showed decreased sugar and protein content, while uronic acid content was elevated as compared to native (un-modified) polysaccharides. Further, modified derivatives shared the similar maximum absorption peaks indicating their homogeneous nature. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of sulfated, carboxymethylated and phosphorylated derivatives showed that hydroxyl groups were converted to OS, COO and POH bonds, respectively. The sulfated polysaccharides (S-PSDPs) displayed the highest reducing ability [S-CASS (1.854)], DPPH radical scavenging ability [S-CASS (95.07%)] and ABTS radical scavenging activity [S-CASS (99.85%)]. The phosphorylated polysaccharides (P-PSDPs) exhibited maximum hydroxyl radical scavenging activity [P-DASS (92.61%)] and ferrous ion chelating ability (99.94% for all the fractions). The carboxymethylated polysaccharides (C-PSDPs) maintained moderately stable antioxidant ability. Overall, the four different PSDPs modified by the same chemical method also resulted into different chemical composition, characteristic absorption peaks and antioxidant attributes. We conclude that the different modifications of the polysaccharide fractions had their own potential significance as new antioxidants for food industry and human health.