Kiyofumi Ishikawa

Necessity of dual blockade of endothelin ETA and ETB receptor subtypes for antagonism of endothelin-1-induced contraction in human bronchi

1 Endothelin (ET)‐1 has been postulated to be involved in the development of obstructive airway diseases in man. In the present study, we attempted to characterize ET receptor subtypes mediating ET‐1‐induced contraction in human isolated bronchi. The ET receptor antagonists used in the present study were BQ‐123 (ETA receptor‐selective), BQ‐788 (ETB receptor‐selective) and BQ‐928 (ETA/ETB dual). Sarafotoxin S6c (S6c) was also used as an ETB receptor‐selective agonist. 2 In human bronchi, ET‐1 and S6c (10−12 m to 10−7 M) produced concentration‐dependent contraction with almost equal potency (pD2: 8.88± 0.16 for ET‐1 and 9.42±0.15 for S6c). The contraction induced by S6c was competitively antagonized by BQ‐788 alone (1 and 10 μm) with a pKB value of 7.49±0.21, suggesting that the stimulation of ETB receptors causes a contraction of human bronchi. However, contrary to expectation, the concentration‐response curves for ET‐1 were not affected by BQ‐788. The ET‐1‐ and S6c‐induced contractions were not affected by BQ‐123 (10 μm). Thus, ET‐1‐induced contraction of human bronchi is not antagonized by BQ‐123 alone or by BQ‐788 alone. 3 Combined treatment with 10 μm BQ‐123 and 10 μm BQ‐788 significantly antagonized the contraction induced by ET‐1 with a dose‐ratio of 11. BQ‐928 also significantly antagonized ET‐1‐induced contraction with a pKB value of 6.32±0.24. 4The specific binding of [125I]‐ET‐1 to human bronchial membrane preparations was inhibited by BQ‐123 (100 pM to 1 μm) by approximately 40%. Combination treatment with BQ‐788 (100 pM to 1 μm) completely inhibited the BQ‐123‐resistant component of [125I]‐ET‐1 specific binding. 5 In conclusion, the present study demonstrates that BQ‐788 alone cannot inhibit ET‐1‐induced contractions in human bronchi, although human bronchial ETB receptors are BQ‐788‐sensitive. Furthermore, it was shown that blockade of both receptor subtypes antagonizes ET‐1‐induced contraction, and that both receptor subtypes co‐exist in human bronchial smooth muscles. These findings suggest that ETA receptors as well as ETB receptors are involved in ET‐1‐induced contraction in human bronchi. If ET‐1 is involved in human airway diseases, dual blockade of ETA and ETB receptors may be necessary to treat the diseases.

[3H]BQ-123, a highly specific and reversible radioligand for the endothelin ETA receptor subtype.

The mode of binding of [3H]BQ-123 (cyclo(-D-Trp-D-Asp-[prolyl-3,4 (n)-[3H]]Pro-D-Val-Leu)), an endothelin receptor antagonist radioligand, was evaluated in the human neuroblastoma cell line SK-N-MC at 37 degrees C. Scatchard analysis indicated the presence of a single class of [3H]BQ-123 binding sites with a high affinity of 3.2 nM. [3H]BQ-123 binding achieved steady state within 7 min and dissociated with a half-time of 1.4 min, while [125I] endothelin-1 binding barely reached a steady state even after 6 h and showed little dissociation. [3H]BQ-123 binding was sensitive to endothelin-1 and endothelin-2 (Ki values = 0.058 and 0.10 nM, respectively) and the endothelin ETA receptor-selective antagonist BQ-123 (Ki = 3.3 nM), while showing low affinity for endothelin-3 (Ki = 50 nM), the endothelin ETB receptor-selective agonist BQ-3020 (Ki = 970 nM) and other bioactive peptides. Thus, [3H]BQ-123 is a specific and reversible radioligand for endothelin ETA receptors. The rapid reversibility of [3H]BQ-123 binding should provide a tool for estimating the equilibrium inhibition constants (Ki values) of various compounds for endothelin ETA receptors.

Aminophosphonate endothelin converting enzyme inhibitors : potency-enhancing and selectivity-improving modifications of phosphoramidon

Abstract A series of α-aminophosphonic acid derivatives and a series of phosphoramidate derivatives have been synthesized and evaluated as inhibitors of a phosphoramidon-sensitive metalloproteinase endothelin converting enzyme (ECE). Some of these compounds exhibit potent ECE inhibitory activity. The most potent inhibitor (XIIb) is about 10 times as potent as phosphoramidon.

A convenient synthetic method of a 5,7-diarylcyclopenteno[1,2-b]pyridine-6-carboxylate: A key intermediate for potent endothelin receptor antagonists

A convenient method for the synthesis of the title intermediate 4 was described. The key steps of this synthesis involved: (1) regioselective addition reaction of arylzinc reagent to quinolic anhydride in 42% isolated yield, (2) conversion of a ketoacid to an enone, which was achieved in 65% yield by intramolecular Knoevenagel reaction of beta-ketoester generated by condensation of an acid imidazolide with an ester enolate, followed by dehydration assisted with silica gel, and (3) stereoselective reduction of an allyl alcohol in 75% yield with zinc under acidic conditions. This synthesis enabled us to provide hundreds of grams of without chromatographic purification.

Structure–Activity relationships of 2-substituted 5,7-Diarylcyclopenteno[1,2-b]pyridine-6-carboxylic acids as a novel class of endothelin receptor antagonists

Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of 2-substituted-5,7-diarylcyclopenteno[1,2-b]pyridine-6-carboxylic acids, a novel class of endothelin receptor antagonists, were described. Derivatization of a lead structure 1 (IC(50)=2.4nM, 170-fold selectivity) by incorporating a substituent such as an alkyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, or alkylamino group into the 2-position of the cyclopenteno[1,2-b]pyridine skeleton was achieved via the key intermediate 8. Introduction of an alkyl group led to the identification of potent ET(A)/ET(B) mixed receptor antagonists, a butyl (2d: IC(50)=0.21nM, 52-fold selectivity) and an isobutyl (2f: IC(50)=0.32nM, 26-fold selectivity) analogue. In contrast, installment of a primary amino group resulted in ET(A) selective antagonists, a propylamino 2p (IC(50)=0.12nM, 520-fold selectivity) and an isopropylamino 2q (IC(50)=0.10nM, 420-fold selectivity) analogue. These results suggested that a substituent at the 2-position of the 5,7-diarylcyclopenteno[1,2-b]pyridine-6-carboxylic acids played a key role in the binding affinity for both ET(A) and ET(B) receptors.

Novel 4-substituted pyridine derivatives: Practical derivatization and biological profiles of reversible H+K+-ATPase inhibitors

Abstract An easy method to prepare novel 4-alkoxy-, 4-alkylthio- or 4-aryloxy-5-methyl-2-[1-(hydroxymethyl)-2-(1-naphthyl)-ethyl (or -ethenyl)]pyridine derivatives having reversible inhibitory activity against H + K + -ATPase is described. Use of a methylsulfinyl- or methylsulfonyl group as a leaving group makes it possible to effectively introduce various alkoxy or alkylthio groups into the 4-position of the pyridine ring at the final stages of synthesis. Biological profiles of the prepared compounds are briefly mentioned.

Linear peptide ETA antagonists: rational design and practical derivatization of N-terminal amino- and imino-carbonylated tripeptide derivatives☆

Abstract Novel linear tripeptides possessing high endothelin antagonist activity were derived from endothelin antagonistic cyclic pentapeptides represented by BQ-123. The N-terminal urea moiety of the linear tripeptide derivatives was essential to show the strong antagonist activity. An easy method to prepare these peptides by treatment of the corresponding N-phenoxycarbonylated tripeptide esters with primary or secondary amines is described.

Application of tetrabutylammonium salt of N-(9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl)cysteic acid for solid phase peptide synthesis: Preparation of endothelin antagonistic cyclic pentapeptides

Abstract According to the Fmoc strategy, highly potent endothelin antagonistic cyclic pentapeptides possessing cysteic acid residue(s) were prepared in solid phase peptide synthesis. Use of a tetrabutylammonium salt overcame low solubility of N-(9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl)cysteic acid in a conventional solvent such as DMF.

Application of the tetrabutylammonium salt of an amino acid for liquid phase peptide synthesis: An easy way to prepare endothelin antagonistic linear peptides via an azide method☆

Abstract An easy meethod to prepare an endothelin antagonistic linear tripeptide derivatives is reported. The highly soluble tetrabutylammonium salt of an amino acid was allowed to directly react with a dipeptide derivative in an anhydrous dipolar aprotic solvent such as DMF via an azide method to afford the desired linear tripeptide upon usual work-up procedures

Synthesis of 2-substituted d-tryptophan-containing peptide derivatives with endothelin receptor antagonist activity

Peptide derivatives with 2-substituted d-tryptophan analogues were synthesized. All prepared peptide derivatives showed potent affinity for ETB receptors, while their ETA affinity depended on the substituents of the d-tryptophanyl residue. A 2-bromo-d-tryptophan derivative 16b (BQ-928) was a combined ETAETB receptor antagonist and a 2-cyano-d-tryptophan derivative 17c (BQ-017) was a selective ETB receptor antagonist.