Komang G. Wiryawan

Fermentation Characteristics and Microbial Diversity of Tropical Grass-legumes Silages

Calliandra calothyrsus preserved in silage is an alternative method for improving the crude protein content of feeds for sustainable ruminant production. The aim of this research was to evaluate the quality of silage which contained different levels of C. calothyrsus by examining the fermentation characteristics and microbial diversity. Silage was made in a completely randomized design consisting of five treatments with three replications i.e.: R0, Pennisetum purpureum 100%; R1, P. purpureum 75%+C. calothyrsus 25%;, R2, P. purpureum 50%+C. calothyrsus 50%; R3, P. purpureum 25%+C. calothyrsus 75%; and R4, C. calothyrsus 100%. All silages were prepared using plastic jar silos (600 g) and incubated at room temperature for 30 days. Silages were analyzed for fermentation characteristics and microbial diversity. Increased levels of C. calothyrsus in silage had a significant effect (p<0.01) on the fermentation characteristics. The microbial diversity index decreased and activity was inhibited with increasing levels of C. calothyrsus. The microbial community indicated that there was a population of Lactobacillus plantarum, L. casei, L. brevis, Lactococcus lactis, Chryseobacterium sp., and uncultured bacteria. The result confirmed that silage with a combination of grass and C. calothyrsus had good fermentation characteristics and microbial communities were dominated by L. plantarum.

Bioavailability of aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A, but not fumonisin B1 or deoxynivalenol, is increased in starch-induced low ruminal pH in nonlactating dairy cows

High-production dairy and beef systems require diets rich in starch. This practice may induce ruminal acidosis and also increase exposure to mycotoxins because starches in starch-rich diets are the main vehicles of mycotoxin contamination. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of low ruminal pH on the bioavailability of 4 major mycotoxins [i.e., aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), ochratoxin A (OTA), deoxynivalenol (DON), and fumonisin B1 (FB1)]. Eight nonlactating dairy cows fitted with rumen cannulas were used in a double crossover experiment. The trial was divided into 4 periods with 2 periods per crossover. Cows were divided into 2 groups receiving a low (15% dry matter basis) and high-starch diet (30.8%) with and without live yeast supplementation (1×1010 cfu per cow) in the first and second crossover, respectively. At the end of each period, cows received a single dose of mycotoxin-contaminated feed containing 0.05, 0.2, 0.24, and 0.56mg of AFB1, OTA, DON, and FB1 per kg of feed, respectively. The fecal and urinary excretion of mycotoxins and their metabolites was monitored for up to 48h postdosing. As expected, ruminal pH decreased in cows fed the high-starch diet. The high-starch diet increased the bioavailability of OTA and AFB1. Urinary excretion of OTA 24h after mycotoxin administration increased 3-fold in the high-starch diet, correlated with lower fecal excretion. Similarly, a decrease in fecal excretion of AFB1 was accompanied by an increase in urinary excretion of its major metabolite, aflatoxin M1, 48h after mycotoxin administration. In contrast to AFB1 and OTA, the bioavailability of DON and FB1 remained unchanged. Yeast supplementation had no effect on the excretion balance of these 2 mycotoxins. In conclusion, these results show that high-starch diets increased the bioavailability of OTA and AFB1, most probably through the lowering effect on ruminal pH. This greater bioavailability potentially increases the toxic effects of these mycotoxins.

Comparison of reducing sugar content, sensory traits, and fatty acids and volatile compound profiles of the longissimus thoracis among Korean cattle, Holsteins, and Angus steers

Objective This study was performed to compare fat content, reducing sugar contents, sensory traits, and fatty acid (FA) and volatile compound profiles in longissimus thoracis (LT) among Korean cattle (KC), Holstein (HO), and Angus (AN) steers. Methods Twelve LT samples (about 500 g each) of KC with an average age of 31±0.42 months, an average carcass weight of 431±12.5 kg, and a quality grade (QG) of 1+ were obtained from the joint livestock products market. Twelve LT samples of HO cattle with an average age of 24±0.54 months, an average carcass weight of 402±7.81 kg, and a QG of 2 were also obtained from the same market. Twelve LT samples of AN steers with an average age of about 20 months and a QG of choice were purchased from a beef delivery company. After slaughter, samples were kept at 4°C for 42 days and prepared for immediate analysis or stored at appropriate conditions. The chemical composition, color, pH, shear force, collagen content, reducing sugars, sensory evaluation, FA composition, and volatile compound content for each LT sample were analyzed. Results The LT of KC had the highest (p<0.05) fat content, the highest reducing sugar content, and the highest scores in the sensory evaluation (flavor, tenderness, juiciness, and overall acceptance). All the sensory traits were positively correlated (p<0.001) with intramuscular fat and reducing sugar content. Several FAs and volatile compound profiles varied among the breeds. KC LT had the highest (p<0.05) concentrations of acetaldehyde, 3-methyl butanal, and 3-hydroxy-2-butanone, and these volatile compounds were positively correlated (p<0.05) with all the sensory traits. Conclusion Variations in fat content and reducing sugar contents and FA and volatile compound profiles may contribute to differences in the sensory quality of LT among breeds.

Effect of sunflower oil supplementation as unsaturated fatty acid source on rumen fermentability and performance of lactating Garut ewes

The study was aimed to evaluate the increasing levels of ration energy, with fat-rich unsaturated fatty acids from sunflower oil on the nutrient intake, rumen fermentability and performance of ewes. The experiment used fifteen ewes of 1.5 years old, primiparous, caged individually with their lambs and conducted three treatments and five replications from a completely randomized designed. Those treatments included R1= ration with 0% sunflower oil addition, R2= ration with 4% sunflower oil addition, R3= ration with 6% sunflower oil addition. The variables consisted of dry matter intake, nutrients, ewe s performances (birth weight, weaning weight, decreased of body weight), total and partial VFA, the ratio of acetate: propionate, methane production, protozoa and bacterial population. Data were analyzed statistically and descriptively. The results showed that the treatments did not influence dry matter intake and nutrients,. rumen fermentability and ewes performances. Although the treatments increased (P<0.01) fat consumption and reduced shrinkage of body weight. It can be concluded that the adding sunflower oil as the resource of unsaturated fatty acids up to 6% of the ration was not negatively affected the fermentability of rumen, moreover can improve ewes body condition and, accelerated body weight recovery

Pengujian Ransum Kerbau Berbahan Baku Sorgum Sebagai Sumber Serat Secara In Vitro dan In Sacco

Sorgum merupakan salah satu tanaman sumber serat untuk kebutuhan ransum kerbau yang potensial dikembangkan di Indonesia. Sorgum varietas Samurai 1 dan samurai 2 masing-masing merupakan hasil pemuliaan melalui mutasi radiasi yang berasal dari indukan sorgum varietas Pahat. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui potensi ransum yang mengandung sorgum samurai 2 sebagai sumber serat dibandingkan dengan ransum yang mengandung sorgum pahat dan bagas sorgum samurai 1. Potensi yang diamati adalah pengaruhnya terhadap laju pertumbuhan mikroba rumen kerbau ( in vitro ) dan degradasi bahan pakan ( in sacco ). Rancangan acak lengkap dengan 6 perlakuan dan 3 ulangan diterapkan dalam percobaan ini. Enam ransum yang diuji adalah: P1 (50% jerami sorgum pahat + 50% konsentrat), P2 (50% silase jerami sorgum pahat + 50% konsentrat), P3 (50% jerami sorgum samurai 2 + 50% konsentrat), P4 (50% silase jerami sorgum samurai 2 + 50% konsentrat), P5 (50% bagas sorgum samurai 1 + 50% konsentrat) dan P6 (50% silase bagas sorgum samurai 1 + 50% konsentrat). Peubah yang diamati adalah pH, konsentrasi amonia (NH 3 ), Total Volatile Fatty Acid (TVFA), sintesis protein mikroba (teknik radioisotop 32 P), degradasi Bahan Kering (BK), karakteristik degradasi BK, degradasi Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF) dan karakteristik degradasi NDF. Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahwa konsentrasi NH 3 , laju pertumbuhan bakteri rumen dan degradasi NDF tertinggi dihasilkan ransum P4 dengan nilai masing-masing 24,87 mg/100 ml; 8,11 mg/2 jam/100 ml dan 31,96%. Konsentrasi TVFA dan pH antar perlakuan tidak berbeda nyata. Keenam perlakuan ransum mampu mendukung fermentasi dan kecernaan pakan didalam rumen namun perlakuan yang terbaik adalah ransum yang mengandung silase sorgum samurai 2. Kata kunci : sorgum, kerbau, in vitro, in situ , radioisotop 32 P ABSTRACT In Vitro and In Sacco Examination of Buffalo Feed Rations Containing Sorghum Roughage. Sorghum is one of a potential fodder crops for buffalo feed in Indonesia. Samurai 1 and samurai 2 sorghum varieties are the result of mutation breeding by radiation from pahat sorghum varieties. This study was conducted to determine the potential of feed rations containing 50% samurai 2 and samurai 1 bagasse compared to feed rations containing 50% pahat sorghum roughage. Microbial growth rate of buffalo rumen ( in vitro ) and feed material degradation ( in sacco ) were determined. Completely randomized design with 6 treatments and 3 replications were applied in this experiment. The six treatment diets were: P1 (50% pahat sorghum straw + 50% concentrate), P2 (50% pahat sorghum straw silage + 50% concentrate), P3 (50% samurai 2 sorghum straw + 50% concentrate), P4 (50% samurai 2 sorghum straw silage + 50% concentrate), P5 (50% samurai 1 sorghum bagasse + 50% concentrate) and P6 (50% samurai 1 sorghum bagasse silage + 50% concentrate). Variables measured were pH, ammonia (NH 3 ), Total of Volatile Fatty Acid (TVFA), protein microbial synthesis (by 32 P radioisotope techniques), dry matter (DM) degradation, characteristics of DM degradation, Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF) degradation and characteristics of NDF degradation. The results showed that P4 treatment produce the highest NH 3 concentrations, rumen bacteria growth rate and NDF degradation with 24,87 mg/100 ml; 8,11 mg/2 h/100 ml dan 31,96% respectively. TVFA concentration and pH were not significantly different between treatments. The conclusion of this study was the sixth treatment could support fermentation and digestibility in the rumen. The best treatment was buffalo feed based on samurai 2 sorghum silage. Key words : sorghum, buffalo, in vitro, in sacco, 32 P radioisotope

Effect of sun flower oil addition (Helianthus annuus) in diet on nutrient intake, growth performance and characteristics of estrous of pre-mating Garut sheep

Nutritional status of ewes at pre-breeding phase is critical for good reproductive process. Thirty-two ewes Garut sheep (initial body weight 22.5±2.21 kg) were used in a completely randomized design to evaluate the effects of addition of sunflower oil in the diet on nutrient intake, growth performance and characteristics of estrous of pre-mating garut sheep. Ewes were fed grass and supplemented with one of four isonitrogenous high concentrate diets containing four levels of sunflower oil; they were (M0) no addition of sunflower oil; (M1) 2% sunflower oil; (M2) 4% sunflower oil and (M3) 6% sunflower oil addition. Results showed that the addition significantly reduced dry matter intake (p < 0.05), highly significantly reduce crude protein, Ca and P intake (p < 0.01), higly significant increased ether extract intake (p < 0.01) and significantly increased long of estrous (p < 0.05). There was no difference in crude fiber intake, TDN intake, body weight gain, length of estrous onset and response of estrous for ewes fed the four experimental diets. Response on estrous of treatments M0, M1, M2 and M3 were 62.50; 50.00; 75,00 and 62.5% respectively. It is concluded that the addition of sunflower oil up to 6% in the pre-mating ration affects the nutrient intake without interferering the performance, and it tends to improve the charachteristic estrous of Garut ewes. Key Words : Nutrient Intake , Estrous, Garut Sheep, Performance, Sunflower Oil