Dewi Apri Astuti

Single Nucleotide Polymorphism within the Promoter Region of Cynomolgus Monkey LDLR Gene

The cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis) is one of the most common nonhuman primate s used as an animal model in biomedical research relat ed to atherosclerosis. However, little is known about genetic variation in the low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) gene , its effect on cholesterol levels , and associated risk s of atherosclerosis. The refore this study aimed to identify genetic polymorphisms , namely single nucleotide polymorphism s (SNP s ) , within the promoter region of LDLR and their relation ship with animal responsiveness to hypercholesterolemia due to an atherogenic diet. In this research, SNPs were studied using DNA isolated from 22 cynomolgus monkeys obtained from a previous study, consisting of two hyporesponders, 19 hyperresponders, and one extreme case . The result showed that two SNP s existed in the promoter region , namely g.−169T>C and g.−265G>A. SNP g.−265G>A showed linkages with extreme responsive ness and can be used as a potential genetic marker for extreme animals. The result of this study has extended our knowledge of polymorphism in the LDLR gene and its use in the selection of cynomolgus monkeys as animal models in research on hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis.

Lowering Chitin Content of Cricket (Gryllus assimilis) Through Exoskeleton Removal and Chemical Extraction and its Utilization as a Ruminant Feed in vitro

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Cricket contains high crude protein level but it also contains considerable amount of chitin that may impede nutrient digestion and decrease production performance of animal. This experiment aimed to decrease chitin content of cricket (C) through exoskeleton removal (CER) or by chemical extraction (CCE). MATERIALS AND METHODS Nutritional evaluation of cricket was performed in two experiments. In experiment 1, three forms of cricket were prepared, i.e., C, CER and CCE. These were subjected to chemical composition determination and in vitro rumen fermentation incubation as individual substrates. In experiment 2, C and CER were included in concentrate rations at different proportions to substitute soybean meal (SBM), i.e., R1 (concentrate containing 30% SBM), R2 (50% SBM was substituted by C), R3 (100% SBM was replaced by C) and R4 (100% SBM was replaced by CER). The concentrates were then evaluated in vitro for their rumen fermentation and digestibility characteristics. Data were analyzed with analysis of variance and Duncans test. RESULTS Cricket was high in crude protein(CP), ether extract (EE) and chitin contents. Removal of exoskeleton decreased CP and chitin contents of cricket. Chemical extraction of cricket increased its CP and completely removed its chitin. Main fatty acids observed in cricket were linoleic acid, palmitic acid, oleic acid and stearic acid and the composition was unaltered due to exoskeleton removal or chemical extraction. Cricket was relatively highly digestible and exoskeleton removal and chemical extraction did not further improve in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) and in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) of cricket. The R1 and R2 revealed similar IVDMD and IVOMD, but R3 and R4 resulted in lower values for both parameters than those of R1 and R2 (p<0.05). CONCLUSION Exoskeleton removal or chemical extraction effectively reduced chitin content of cricket and the insect may be used to substitute SBM up to 50% in concentrate for ruminant.

Variasi Kolesterol Plasma Individual Monyet Ekor Panjang (Macaca fascicularis) sebagai Respons terhadap Diet Aterogenik IPB-1 [INDIVIDUAL PLASMA CHOLESTEROL VARIATION OF CYNOMOLGUS MACAQUE (MACACA FASCICULARIS) IN RESPONSE TO IPB-1 ATHEROGENIC DIET]

The effectiveness of atherogenic diet in raising plasma cholesterol level of cynomolgus macaques(Macaca fascicularis) can be predicted for population, but not for individuals.This study aimed to evaluatethe individual plasma cholesterol of cynomolgus macaques in response to IPB-1 atherogenic diet. Theanimals under study were 22 adult malemonkeys from the animal facility of Primate Research CenterBogor Agricultural University (PSSP IPB). All animals were intervened with the IPB-1 atherogenic diet forthree months and individual plasma cholesterol wasevaluated in a monthly basis.The results showedthat the monkeys’ plasma cholesterol had increased significantly (P <0.05) after one month of interventionperiod and the increases were very significantly different (P <0.01) after three months. Individually, increasesin plasma cholesterol varied among animals. Based on these variations, 2 animals were categorised ashypo-response, 18 animals as hyper-response and 2 animals as extreme.This study showed the variationof individual plasma cholesterol of cynomolgus macaques in response tothe IPB-1 atherogenic diet so thatthe animals might be selected based on the their responsiveness.

Effect of sunflower oil supplementation as unsaturated fatty acid source on rumen fermentability and performance of lactating Garut ewes

The study was aimed to evaluate the increasing levels of ration energy, with fat-rich unsaturated fatty acids from sunflower oil on the nutrient intake, rumen fermentability and performance of ewes. The experiment used fifteen ewes of 1.5 years old, primiparous, caged individually with their lambs and conducted three treatments and five replications from a completely randomized designed. Those treatments included R1= ration with 0% sunflower oil addition, R2= ration with 4% sunflower oil addition, R3= ration with 6% sunflower oil addition. The variables consisted of dry matter intake, nutrients, ewe s performances (birth weight, weaning weight, decreased of body weight), total and partial VFA, the ratio of acetate: propionate, methane production, protozoa and bacterial population. Data were analyzed statistically and descriptively. The results showed that the treatments did not influence dry matter intake and nutrients,. rumen fermentability and ewes performances. Although the treatments increased (P<0.01) fat consumption and reduced shrinkage of body weight. It can be concluded that the adding sunflower oil as the resource of unsaturated fatty acids up to 6% of the ration was not negatively affected the fermentability of rumen, moreover can improve ewes body condition and, accelerated body weight recovery

Pengujian Ransum Kerbau Berbahan Baku Sorgum Sebagai Sumber Serat Secara In Vitro dan In Sacco

Sorgum merupakan salah satu tanaman sumber serat untuk kebutuhan ransum kerbau yang potensial dikembangkan di Indonesia. Sorgum varietas Samurai 1 dan samurai 2 masing-masing merupakan hasil pemuliaan melalui mutasi radiasi yang berasal dari indukan sorgum varietas Pahat. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui potensi ransum yang mengandung sorgum samurai 2 sebagai sumber serat dibandingkan dengan ransum yang mengandung sorgum pahat dan bagas sorgum samurai 1. Potensi yang diamati adalah pengaruhnya terhadap laju pertumbuhan mikroba rumen kerbau ( in vitro ) dan degradasi bahan pakan ( in sacco ). Rancangan acak lengkap dengan 6 perlakuan dan 3 ulangan diterapkan dalam percobaan ini. Enam ransum yang diuji adalah: P1 (50% jerami sorgum pahat + 50% konsentrat), P2 (50% silase jerami sorgum pahat + 50% konsentrat), P3 (50% jerami sorgum samurai 2 + 50% konsentrat), P4 (50% silase jerami sorgum samurai 2 + 50% konsentrat), P5 (50% bagas sorgum samurai 1 + 50% konsentrat) dan P6 (50% silase bagas sorgum samurai 1 + 50% konsentrat). Peubah yang diamati adalah pH, konsentrasi amonia (NH 3 ), Total Volatile Fatty Acid (TVFA), sintesis protein mikroba (teknik radioisotop 32 P), degradasi Bahan Kering (BK), karakteristik degradasi BK, degradasi Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF) dan karakteristik degradasi NDF. Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahwa konsentrasi NH 3 , laju pertumbuhan bakteri rumen dan degradasi NDF tertinggi dihasilkan ransum P4 dengan nilai masing-masing 24,87 mg/100 ml; 8,11 mg/2 jam/100 ml dan 31,96%. Konsentrasi TVFA dan pH antar perlakuan tidak berbeda nyata. Keenam perlakuan ransum mampu mendukung fermentasi dan kecernaan pakan didalam rumen namun perlakuan yang terbaik adalah ransum yang mengandung silase sorgum samurai 2. Kata kunci : sorgum, kerbau, in vitro, in situ , radioisotop 32 P ABSTRACT In Vitro and In Sacco Examination of Buffalo Feed Rations Containing Sorghum Roughage. Sorghum is one of a potential fodder crops for buffalo feed in Indonesia. Samurai 1 and samurai 2 sorghum varieties are the result of mutation breeding by radiation from pahat sorghum varieties. This study was conducted to determine the potential of feed rations containing 50% samurai 2 and samurai 1 bagasse compared to feed rations containing 50% pahat sorghum roughage. Microbial growth rate of buffalo rumen ( in vitro ) and feed material degradation ( in sacco ) were determined. Completely randomized design with 6 treatments and 3 replications were applied in this experiment. The six treatment diets were: P1 (50% pahat sorghum straw + 50% concentrate), P2 (50% pahat sorghum straw silage + 50% concentrate), P3 (50% samurai 2 sorghum straw + 50% concentrate), P4 (50% samurai 2 sorghum straw silage + 50% concentrate), P5 (50% samurai 1 sorghum bagasse + 50% concentrate) and P6 (50% samurai 1 sorghum bagasse silage + 50% concentrate). Variables measured were pH, ammonia (NH 3 ), Total of Volatile Fatty Acid (TVFA), protein microbial synthesis (by 32 P radioisotope techniques), dry matter (DM) degradation, characteristics of DM degradation, Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF) degradation and characteristics of NDF degradation. The results showed that P4 treatment produce the highest NH 3 concentrations, rumen bacteria growth rate and NDF degradation with 24,87 mg/100 ml; 8,11 mg/2 h/100 ml dan 31,96% respectively. TVFA concentration and pH were not significantly different between treatments. The conclusion of this study was the sixth treatment could support fermentation and digestibility in the rumen. The best treatment was buffalo feed based on samurai 2 sorghum silage. Key words : sorghum, buffalo, in vitro, in sacco, 32 P radioisotope

Effect of sun flower oil addition (Helianthus annuus) in diet on nutrient intake, growth performance and characteristics of estrous of pre-mating Garut sheep

Nutritional status of ewes at pre-breeding phase is critical for good reproductive process. Thirty-two ewes Garut sheep (initial body weight 22.5±2.21 kg) were used in a completely randomized design to evaluate the effects of addition of sunflower oil in the diet on nutrient intake, growth performance and characteristics of estrous of pre-mating garut sheep. Ewes were fed grass and supplemented with one of four isonitrogenous high concentrate diets containing four levels of sunflower oil; they were (M0) no addition of sunflower oil; (M1) 2% sunflower oil; (M2) 4% sunflower oil and (M3) 6% sunflower oil addition. Results showed that the addition significantly reduced dry matter intake (p < 0.05), highly significantly reduce crude protein, Ca and P intake (p < 0.01), higly significant increased ether extract intake (p < 0.01) and significantly increased long of estrous (p < 0.05). There was no difference in crude fiber intake, TDN intake, body weight gain, length of estrous onset and response of estrous for ewes fed the four experimental diets. Response on estrous of treatments M0, M1, M2 and M3 were 62.50; 50.00; 75,00 and 62.5% respectively. It is concluded that the addition of sunflower oil up to 6% in the pre-mating ration affects the nutrient intake without interferering the performance, and it tends to improve the charachteristic estrous of Garut ewes. Key Words : Nutrient Intake , Estrous, Garut Sheep, Performance, Sunflower Oil