Konrad Bier
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
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International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid | 1995
M. Nagel; Konrad Bier
Ternary mixtures of R32, R125 and R134a of different compositions are recommended for replacing refrigerants R22 and R502. As a prerequisite for reliably calculating vapour pressure and phase equilibria of ternary mixtures within the relevant range of temperature and composition, VLE data of the three binary systems R32/R134a, R125/R134a and R32/R125 have been measured from −70°C up to the critical temperature. The real mixing behaviour of these binary systems is described by simple cubic equations of state, based only on precise experimental data of the critical properties and one value of the vapour pressure at T/Tc ≈ 0.7 for one mixture of nearly equimolar composition, respectively. Besides the properties of the pure substances, these data are sufficient to calculate the saturation pressure as well as the composition of the coexisting phases with rather high accuracy for both the binary and the ternary mixtures. This has been proved by comparison with experimental data for binary mixtures and for three ternary mixtures of different compositions.
Heat and Mass Transfer | 1982
Dieter Gorenflo; J. Goetz; Konrad Bier
Comparing experimental results of pool boiling heat transfer from different laboratories considerable discrepancies can be found for the same fluids and boiling conditions. In order to reduce the influence of the experimental arrangement and of the measuring techniques, a standard apparatus and procedure for the measurement of pool boiling heat transfer were developed. Test measurements with the new apparatus for different refrigerants show that the uncertainty of the heat transfer coefficient is less than about five percent in a wide range of heat flux and saturation pressure; higher values of the experimental error occur only at very high normalized saturation pressures and low heat fluxes.ZusammenfassungMessungen des Wärmeübergangs beim Blasensieden, die in verschiedenen Laboratorien durchgeführt wurden, weisen oft große Unterschiede auf, auch für den gleichen Stoff und gleiche Versuchsbedingungen. Um den Einfluß apparativer und versuchstechnischer Vorgaben auf das Meßergebnis zu vermindern, wurde eine Standard-Apparatur für Wärmeübergangsmessungen beim Sieden entwickelt. Apparatur und Meßverfahren wurden mit verschiedenen Kältemitteln in einem weiten Bereich der Wärmestromdichte und des Siededrucks erprobt. Im allgemeinen ist die Unsicherheit der Meßwerte des Wärmeübergangskoeffizienten kleiner als fünf Prozent; größere Fehler ergeben sich nur bei sehr hohen normierten Siededrücken und niedrigen Wärmestromdichten.
International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid | 1997
Stefan Bonekamp; Konrad Bier
The effect of ultrasound on pool boiling heat transfer to mixtures of the refrigerants R23 and R134a has been investigated in a wide range of heat flux and saturation pressure. The enhancement of the heat transfer coefficient, which can be achieved by ultrasound, is much more pronounced for mixtures than for pure substances. It is, however, limited to rather small heat fluxes (q < 10 kW m−2). Especially remarkable is the fact, that the maximum influence of ultrasound on the heat transfer coefficient of the mixtures occurs at medium saturation pressures (ppc ≈ 0.2); the effect is markedly less for higher and for lower saturation pressures. Obviously, the improvement of the heat transfer to mixtures is mainly caused by a decrease of the local saturation temperature near the heating wall, due to a better mixing in the liquid boundary. This explanation is supported by evaluating important parameters of bubble formation from high-speed photographs of the heating surface. It is further noticeable, that the well known hysteresis effect at the beginning of pool boiling is reduced to a great extent by exposure to ultrasound.
Heat and Mass Transfer | 1981
Konrad Bier; J. Goetz; Dieter Gorenflo
In connection with the development of a standard apparatus for measuring heat transfer at pool boiling, the influence of the variation of the local heat transfer coefficient at the circumference of a horizontal tube on the determination of the mean heat transfer coefficient has been investigated. Measurements with a heating tube made from copper show that the variation of the local wall superheat is not more than a few per cent in the range of pool boiling, whereas the local heat transfer coefficient at the bottom part is larger by about 15 per cent than at the upper part of the tube. The mean heat transfer coefficient, evaluated from the mean heat flux and the mean wall superheat, can be determined more easily for a copper tube than for a tube with low heat conductivity, e.g. stainless steel.ZusammenfassungIm Zusammenhang mit der Entwicklung einer Standard-Apparatur zur Messung des Wärmeübergangs beim Blasensieden wurde untersucht, inwieweit zur Bestimmung des mittleren Wärmeübergangskoeffizienten bei einem horizontalen Rohr die Abhängigkeit des örtlichen Wärmeübergangskoeffizienten vom Umfangswinkel berücksichtigt werden muß. Messungen an einem Heizrohr aus Kupfer zeigen, daß die örtliche Heizflächenüberhitzung im Bereich des Blasensiedens höchstens um einige Prozent variiert; dagegen ist der örtliche Wärmeübergangskoeffizient auf der Unterseite des Rohres um ca. 15% größer als an der Oberseite. Die Bestimmung des mittleren Wärmeübergangskoeffizienten aus mittlerer Wärmestromdichte und mittlerer Ubertemperatur ist deshalb bei einem Kupferrohr wesentlich einfacher möglich als bei einem Rohr aus schlecht wärmeleitendem Material, wie z. B. Edelstahl.
International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid | 1988
Konrad Bier; H. Rüthlein
Abstract New apparatus for the precise measurement of pool boiling heat transfer in the temperature range from about 70 K to ambient temperature is described. The performance of this apparatus has been proved by systematic measurements with liquid nitrogen at saturation pressures from 0.5 to 30 bar and at heat flux densities from 12 to 85 000 W m −2 . The results show that the relative dependence of the heat transfer coefficient on normalized saturation pressure and heat flux dessity is the same for nitrogen as for higher boiling refrigerants and hydrocarbons. The difference in the absolute value of the heat transfer coefficients for nitrogen and the refrigerants is explained mainly by the difference in the wall superheat necessary to form stable bubble nuclei.
International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid | 1979
Konrad Bier; D Gorenflo; M Salem; Y Tanes
Abstract Heat transfer from five horizontal copper plates with different surface finish to boiling refrigerants R11 (CFCI 3 ) and R115 (C 2 F 5 Cl) was measured at saturation pressures between 0.4 and 91% of the critical pressure. Although the relative pressure dependence of the heat transfer coefficient α is similar for the plates with different surface treatment, a detailed comparison of the experimental results shows that the influence of the different surface conditions achieved by mechanical and chemical treatment on the absolute value of α cannot be correlated by one of the roughness parameters used in the literature, within the whole range of pressures investigated.
International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid | 1997
Xiaotian Zhou; Konrad Bier
Pool boiling heat transfer from a horizontal copper tube coated with 0.2 mm of aluminum oxide-titanium oxide ceramics has been investigated for several pure fluids (refrigerants and hydrocarbons) and three propane/n-butane mixtures. The heat transfer coefficient shows a similar dependence on heat flux and normalized saturation pressure as with a metallic heating tube. At normalized saturation pressures ppc⩾0.1, the absolute values of the heat transfer coefficient are just as high as for a sandblasted copper tube of similar surface roughness and at lower saturation pressures even higher. The negative influence of the low thermal conductivity of the ceramics is completely compensated or even overcompensated by the positive influence of the microstructure which results in a higher nucleation site density. This is especially effective in pool boiling of mixtures.
Symposium (International) on Combustion | 1971
Konrad Bier; G. Kappler; H. Wilhelmi
Gaseous hydrogen and methane were injected transversely into a parallel supersonic air stream heated by a plasma burner, and the onset and spread of combustion and its influence on the flow field were investigated by the schlieren method and direct photography. The development of a bulk flame proceeds over a series of isolated reaction zones attached to designated compression zones in the flow field. Upstream of the bulk flame, the flow field itself is not changed by these precursor reaction zones. For a Mach 2 air stream and hydrogen injection, the lowest static air temperature at which stable combustion was observed is about 700°C, whereas the corresponding value for methane injection is about 1300°C.
Forschung Im Ingenieurwesen-engineering Research | 1977
Konrad Bier; Friedrich Ehrler; Gerd Kissau; Volker Lippig; Reiner Schorsch
ZusammenfassungZur Untersuchung der homogenen Spontankondensation bei hohen normierten Drücken wurden übersättigte Dampfströmungen des Kältemittels R 22 in einer ringförmigen Laval-Düse verwendet. Dabei wurde der Kondensationseinsatz im sogenannten Wilson-Punkt aus dem Verlauf des statischen Drucks längs der Düsenachse ermittelt. Für 33 Expansionen, die bei gleicher Düsengeometrie von verschiedenen Ruhezuständen ausgingen und die Taulinie zwischen dem 0,32- und dem 0,64 fachen des kritischen Drucks überschritten, liegen die Wilson-Punkte mit geringer Streuung auf einer gemeinsamen Wilson-Linie, deren Verlängerung durch den kritischen Punkt geht. Für die Zustände in den gemessenen Wilson-Punkten ergeben sich unter Berüchsichtigung der Realgaseigenschaften des übersättigten Dampfes nach dem klassischen Ansatz von Volmer und Frenkel Keimbildungsraten die im Vergleich zu den Stoßraten der Einzelmoleküle plausibel sind. Dagegen können die vorliegenden Ergebnisse für R 22 mit den aus der Lothe-Pound-Theorie folgenden, um 16 bis 19 Zehnerpotenzen höheren Keimbildungsraten nicht sinnvoll interpretiert werden.
Heat and Mass Transfer | 1976
Konrad Bier; Hans Rudolf Engelhorn; D. Gorenflo; A. P. Solodov
Experiments were performed on free convective heat transfer from a horizontal, electrically heated tube (d=8 mm) to the halocarbon refrigerants R12 (CF2Cl2), R115 (C2F5Cl) and RC318 (C4F8) near the critical state. Density varied from approx. half to twice the critical value and pressure up to 1.8 times the critical value; the bulk fluid state was varied along the critical and one supercritical isotherm.As is partially known, at different bulk fluid states either peaks are found in the heat transfer coefficients as a function of heat flux or a behaviour similar to film boiling or to free convection at far subcritical states is observed. The different results can be explained by analyzing the density- and enthalpy-variation within the fluid near the heated wall.ZusammenfassungMit den Halogenkältemitteln R12 (CF2Cl2), R115 (C2F5Cl) und RC318 (C4FS) wurden an einem elektrisch beheizten, horizontalen Rohr (d=8 mm) Versuche zur einphasigen freien Konvektion in der Nähe des kritischen Zustandes durchgeführt. Die Messungen erstrecken sich von etwa der halben bis zur doppelten kritischen Dichte und zum 1,8-fachen kritischen Druck; dabei wurden die Fluidzustände außerhalb der beheizten Zone längs der kritischen und einer überkritischen Isotherme variiert.Je nach dem Ausgangszustand des Fluids ist die Abhängigkeit des Wärmeübergangskoeffizienten α von der Heizflächenbelastung q ähnlich wie beim Filmsieden oder wie bei freier Konvektion weit unterkritischer Fluide, oder es treten Maxima im α(q)-Zusammenhang auf. Die unterschiedlichen Ergebnisse können durch Analyse des Dichte- bzw. Enthalpieverlaufs in der wandnahen, beheizten Fluidzone erklärt werden.