Kouji Hirata

Dynamic Routing and Wavelength Assignment in Multifiber WDM Networks with Wavelength Conversion Capability

This paper proposes a dynamic routing and wavelength assignment (RWA) scheme in multifiber WDM networks with wavelength conversion capability. In multifiber WDM networks, each link consists of multiple fibers. Thus, multiple lightpaths with the same wavelength can be established in the same link as long as they use different fibers. In WDM networks with wavelength conversion, the network nodes have wavelength conversion capability which can convert one wavelength to another. In order to efficiently utilize multifiber and wavelength conversion capability, an appropriate RWA scheme is necessary. The proposed scheme provides RWA for multifiber WDM networks with sparse and full wavelength conversion capability. In the proposed scheme, a route and wavelengths are selected for each lightpath based on wavelength availability and location of nodes with wavelength conversion capability. Through simulation experiments, we show that the proposed scheme reduces the blocking probability of lightpath establishment efficiently.

Dynamic routing and wavelength assignment in multifiber WDM networks with sparse wavelength conversion

This paper proposes a dynamic routing and wavelength assignment (RWA) scheme in multifiber WDM networks with sparse wavelength conversion. In multifiber environments, each link consists of multiple fibers. Thus, lightpaths with the same wavelength can be established in the same link as long as they use different fibers. In WDM networks with sparse wavelength conversion, only a subset of the network nodes has wavelength conversion capability which can convert one wavelength to another. In order to efficiently utilize these environments, an appropriate RWA scheme is necessary. The proposed scheme provides RWA for multifiber WDM networks with sparse wavelength conversion. In the proposed scheme, a route and wavelengths are selected for each lightpath based on wavelength availability and location of nodes with wavelength conversion capability. Through simulation experiments, we show that the proposed scheme reduces the blocking probability of lightpath establishments efficiently.

Routing method with flow entry aggregation for software-defined networking

In recent years, software-defined networking (SDN), which performs centralized network management with software, has attracted much attention. In SDN, the data plane is separated from the control plane. Network administrators can dynamically change the setting of the data plane and control routing on the control plane through a control protocol such as OpenFlow. Although packets are transmitted based on flow entries in the data plane, the number of flow entries that data plane can have is limited. It is difficult to perform flexible routing control with a small number of flow entries. To overcome this difficulty, this paper proposes a routing method that reduces the number of flow entries, while reducing the maximum link utilization. The proposed method allocates common paths to flows that can be aggregated, considering the utilization of the links. Through numerical experiments, this paper shows the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Behavior analysis of self-evolving botnets

Machine learning techniques have been achieving significant performance improvements in various kinds of tasks, and they are getting applied in many research fields. While we benefit from such techniques in many ways, they can be a serious security threat to the Internet if malicious attackers become able to utilize them to detect software vulnerabilities. This paper introduces a new concept of self-evolving botnets, where computing resources of infected hosts are exploited to discover unknown vulnerabilities in non-infected hosts. We propose a stochastic epidemic model that incorporates such a feature of botnets, and show its behaviors through numerical experiments and simulations.

Dynamic lightpath establishment considering four-wave mixing in multifiber WDM networks

This paper proposes a dynamic lightpath establishment scheme considering four-wave mixing (FWM) in multifiber wavelength-division multiplexed (WDM) all-optical networks. The FWM is one of the most important physical impairments to be resolved in WDM networks because the FWM induces nonlinear inter-channel crosstalk and decays the performance of WDM networks. In WDM networks, data are transmitted via lightpaths. When the effect of FWM crosstalk is large, it is highly possible that data transmission fails even if lightpaths are correctly established. The proposed scheme aims to avoid not only the blocking of lightpath establishment but also the accumulation of FWM crosstalk by means of ingenious selection of routes, wavelengths, and fibers for lightpath establishment. In the proposed scheme, a route and a wavelength are selected for each lightpath based on wavelength availability and wavelength placement of established lightpaths. Furthermore, fibers on the route are selected based on estimated FWM power. In this paper, we show the effectiveness of the proposed scheme through simulation experiments.

Dynamic burst discarding scheme for deflection routing in optical burst switching networks

This paper proposes a dynamic burst discarding scheme for deflection routing in optical burst switching networks. In general, deflection routing is effective in lightly loaded situations, whereas it has a contrary effect in congested networks because deflected bursts accelerate network congestion. Thus deflection routing should be employed in lightly loaded networks. Incoming traffic, however, varies in time and location, so that temporal and/or local congestion cannot be avoided. Our proposed scheme resolves this problem in the following way. Each node autonomously detects congestion with local information, and bursts to be deflected are discarded in a probabilistic manner, based on the degree of detected congestion and the numbers of elapsed and remaining hops of those bursts. Simulation experiments show that when congestion happens temporarily, the proposed scheme reduces the burst loss probability, and it utilizes network resources efficiently when local congestion happens.

Contention-free λ-planes in optically burst-switched WDM networks

This paper proposes a contention-free burst scheduling scheme in optically burst-switched WDM networks. We construct contention-free wavelength planes (λ-planes) by assigning dedicated wavelengths to each ingress node. Bursts are transmitted to their egress nodes on λ-planes, along routes forming a spanning tree. As a result, contention at intermediate core nodes is completely eliminated, and contention at ingress nodes is resolved by means of electric buffer. This paper develops a spanning tree construction algorithm, aiming at balancing input loads among output ports at each ingress node. Further a wavelength assignment algorithm is proposed, which is based on the amount of traffic lost at ingress nodes. We show that the proposed scheme can decrease the burst loss probability drastically, even if traffic intensities at ingress nodes are different.

Wavelength-Tunable and Bandwidth-Variable Ultra-Flat Optical Frequency Comb Block Generation From a Bismuth-Based Actively Mode-Locked Fiber Laser

We generate, for the first time and to the best of our knowledge, a tunable ultra-flat optical frequency comb (OFC) block from a 10-GHz bismuth-based actively mode-locked fiber laser. A bismuth-based erbium-doped fiber (Bi-EDF) with a length of 1.5 m and a bismuth-based highly nonlinear fiber (Bi-HNLF) with a length of 4.1 m are used as a gain medium and a spectral broadening device, respectively. We also employ a wavelength-tunable and bandwidth-variable optical filter for an intracavity filter. The center wavelength of the OFC output can be widely tuned from 1535 to 1585 nm because the Bi-EDF has a broadband gain profile. A spectrally broadened ultra-flat OFC is successfully generated by the self-phase modulation in the Bi-HNLF. By tuning the filter bandwidth, the 10-dB spectral width and the pulsewidth of the generated OFC can be widely varied from 0.23 to 2.4 nm and from 3 to 20.1 ps, respectively. The fiber ring cavity is as short as 17.8 m. For the entire tuning ranges, the proposed bismuth-based tunable ultra-flat OFC generator also realizes stable bit-error-free mode-locking operation.

Contention resolution considering multicast traffic in optically burst-switched WDM networks

This paper proposes a contention resolution scheme considering multicast traffic in optical burst switching (OBS) networks. In OBS networks, for unicast bursts, contention can be avoided by deflection routing. However, deflection routing cannot be applied to multicast bursts because multicast bursts are transmitted along light-trees which are fixed, tree-shaped routes. Therefore, the loss probability of multicast bursts is generally high. To resolve this problem, the proposed scheme introduces an ingenious offset time assignment strategy which completely avoids contention of multicast bursts due to transmissions of unicast bursts by strategically assigning additional offset times. Furthermore, in the proposed scheme, unicast bursts avoid contention with deflection routing. Through simulation experiments, we show that the proposed scheme improves the loss probabilities of both of unicast bursts and multicast bursts.

Dynamic Routing and Wavelength Assignment with Backward Reservation in Wavelength-routed Multifiber WDM Networks

In wavelength-routed WDM networks, blocking probability of lightpath establishments is generally high due to coarse granularity and wavelength continuity constraint. Therefore, blocking of lightpath establishments is one of crucial issues which must be resolved. Multifiber environments reduce blocking probability of lightpath establishments because each link consists of multiple fibers and multifiber links can be viewed as limited-range wavelength conversion. Blocking probability can be further reduced by an appropriate routing and wavelength assignment (RWA) scheme. This paper proposes a dynamic RWA scheme using signaling of backward reservation for wavelength-routed multifiber WDM networks. In the proposed scheme, information on link state is collected by signaling of backward reservation along multiple routes between a sender node and a receiver node whenever a new lightpath-setup request arrives. Then the proposed scheme selects a combination of a route and a wavelength at the receiver node based on the collected information in such a way that it avoids the generation of bottleneck links and the depletion of a specific wavelength. Through simulation experiments, we show that the proposed scheme efficiently reduces blocking probability of lightpath establishments in multifiber WDM networks.