L. O. C. Silva

Interação genótipo × ambiente e estimativas de parâmetros genéticos de características ponderais de bovinos Tabapuã

Dados de pesos aos 205 (P205) e 365 (P365) dias de idade, de 28.946 animais Tabapua, provenientes de 152 fazendas dos diversos estados brasileiros, nascidos no periodo de 1976 a 1995, foram utilizados nesta analise. Foram avaliadas as interacoes genotipo-ambiente, bem como estimadas herdabilidades direta e materna pelo metodo de maxima verossimilhanca restrita em modelo estatistico, que incluiu efeitos fixos de grupo contemporâneo, idade da vaca ao parto (covariavel) e efeitos aleatorios geneticos direto e materno. As estimativas de herdabilidade direta e materna para P205 nas regioes Sul (R1), Sudeste (R2), Centro-Oeste (R3) e Nordeste (R4) foram: 0,02 e 0,31 (R1), 0,17 e 0,19 (R2), 0,20 e 0,09 (R3) e 0,06 e 0,16 (R4). Para P365, foram 0,05 e 0,03 (R1), 0,20 e 0,03 (R2), 0,51 e 0,62 (R3) e 0,15 e 0,05 (R4). As correlacoes geneticas encontradas para as caracteristicas P205 e P365, ambas consideradas caracteristicas distintas nas regioes R1, R2, R3 e R4, foram: 1,00 e 0,99, 0,84 e 0,99, -0,86 e -0,73, 0,98 e 0,93, 0,51 e 0,45, 1,00 e 0,12 para R1/R2, R1/R3, R1/R4, R2/R3, R2/R4 e R3/R4, respectivamente. Esses resultados indicam que, na desmama (P205), o efeito da interacao genotipo x ambiente foi observado somente nas combinacoes que envolveram a regiao Nordeste (R4) e as regioes Sul (R1) e Sudeste (R2). Para pesos pos-desmama (P365), o efeito dessa interacao foi evidenciado em todas as combinacoes que incluiram a regiao Nordeste.

Genetic parameter estimates and principal component analysis of breeding values of reproduction and growth traits in female Canchim cattle

Phenotypic data from female Canchim beef cattle were used to obtain estimates of genetic parameters for reproduction and growth traits using a linear animal mixed model. In addition, relationships among animal estimated breeding values (EBVs) for these traits were explored using principal component analysis. The traits studied in female Canchim cattle were age at first calving (AFC), age at second calving (ASC), calving interval (CI), and bodyweight at 420 days of age (BW420). The heritability estimates for AFC, ASC, CI and BW420 were 0.03±0.01, 0.07±0.01, 0.06±0.02, and 0.24±0.02, respectively. The genetic correlations for AFC with ASC, AFC with CI, AFC with BW420, ASC with CI, ASC with BW420, and CI with BW420 were 0.87±0.07, 0.23±0.02, -0.15±0.01, 0.67±0.13, -0.07±0.13, and 0.02±0.14, respectively. Standardised EBVs for AFC, ASC and CI exhibited a high association with the first principal component, whereas the standardised EBV for BW420 was closely associated with the second principal component. The heritability estimates for AFC, ASC and CI suggest that these traits would respond slowly to selection. However, selection response could be enhanced by constructing selection indices based on the principal components.

Estruturas de covariância de peso em função da idade de animais Nelore das regiões Sudeste e Centro-Oeste do Brasil

Body weight records from 90 to 450 days of age of Nellore animals from the Southeast and Center West of Brazil were used do estimate covariance structures of age dependent random effects for each region using random regression models. Covariance components of the regression coefficients were estimated by EMREML using the software REML90. The fixed effects of contemporary groups and additive genetic, additive maternal and permanent environment random effects were modeled by quadratic Legendre polynomials. The comparisons included structures of covariance and correlation of random effects, direct and maternal heritabitability and the ratio between genetic variances from different regions. The heritability, covariance and correlation structures showed similar patterns for both regions. Residual variance and permanent environment variances were smaller for Center West region as well as the maternal genetic additive from 150 to 400 days of age. Fixed effect trajectories in function of age of different contemporary groups showed different patterns, suggesting the necessity of specific set of regression coefficient estimates for each contemporary group. The maternal additive genetic variance showed higher heterogeneity between regions than the direct additive genetic variance.

Estimation of genetic parameters for mature weight in Angus cattle.

The aim of this study was to estimate genetic parameters for BW of Angus cattle up to 5 yr of age and to discuss options for including mature weight (MW) in their genetic evaluation. Data were obtained from the American Angus Association. Only records from herds with at least 500 animals and with >10% of animals with BW at ≥ 2 yr of age were considered. Traits were weaning weight (WW, n = 81,525), yearling weight (YW, n = 62,721), and BW measured from 2 to 5 yr of age (MW2, n = 15,927; MW3, n = 12,404; MW4, n = 9,805; MW5, n = 7,546). Genetic parameters were estimated using an AIREML algorithm with a multiple-trait animal model. Fixed effects were contemporary group and departure of the actual age from standard age (205, 365, 730, 1,095, 1,460, and 1,825 d of age for WW, YW, MW2, MW3, MW4, and MW5, respectively). Random effects were animal direct additive genetic, maternal additive genetic, maternal permanent environment, and residual. Estimates of direct genetic variances (kg(2)) were 298 ± 71.8, 563 ± 15.1, 925 ± 52.1, 1,221 ± 65.8, 1,406 ± 80.4, and 1,402 ± 66.9; maternal genetic variances were 167 ± 4.8, 153 ± 6.1, 123 ± 9.1, 136 ± 12.25, 167 ± 18.0, and 110 ± 14.0; maternal permanent environment variances were 124 ± 2.9, 120 ± 4.3, 61 ± 7.5, 69 ± 11.9, 103 ± 15.9, and 134 ± 35.2; and residual variances were 258 ± 3.8, 608 ± 8.6, 829 ± 34.2, 1,016 ± 38.8, 1,017 ± 52.1, and 1,202 ± 63.22 for WW, YW, MW2, MW3, MW4, and MW5, respectively. The direct genetic correlation between WW and YW was 0.84 ± 0.14 and between WW and MW ranged from 0.66 ± 0.06 (WW and MW4) to 0.72 ± 0.11 (WW and MW2). Direct genetic correlations ranged from 0.77 ± 0.08 (YW and MW5) to 0.85 ± 0.07 (YW and MW2) between YW and MW, and they were ≥ 0.95 among MW2, MW3, MW4, and MW5. Maternal genetic correlations between WW and YW and MW ranged from 0.52 ± 0.05 (WW and MW4) to 0.95 ± 0.07 (WW and YW), and among MW they ranged from 0.54 ± 0.14 (MW4 and MW5) to 0.94 ± 0.07 (MW2 and MW3). Genetic correlations suggest that a genetic evaluation for MW may be MW2-based and that including BW from older ages could be accomplished by adjusting records to the scale of MW2.

Critérios de seleção para características de crescimento em bovinos da raça Nelore

Data records of 28,050 animals from Nellore breed were used to compare selection criteria for beef cattle based on weight gain from birth to weaning (GBW), number of days to gain 160kg during the pre-weaning period (D160), daily weight gain from weaning to 18 months (GW18) and number of days to gain 240kg during the pos-weaning period (D240). Direct heritability estimates of GBW (.20) and D160 (.19) were similar while the direct heritability estimate of GW18 (.07) was larger than D240 (.03). Maternal heritability estimate of D160 (.16) was larger than maternal heritability of GBW (.06). High and negative correlation (-.95) was observed between GBW and D160. The association between maternal effect of GBW and direct effect of GW18 was positive (.33) while null correlation estimate betweeen D160 and D240 was observed for direct genetic effect. According to the estimated genetic parameters growth rate can be changed by both selection criteria (BBW and D160), during the pre-weaning period, although both selection criteria would not select the same animals, mainly if the selection criteria were based on maternal genetic effect during pre-weaning period and the direct genetic effect during the pos-weaning period. Maternal effect was not an important selection criterion for the studied traits. The low estimated correlations between pairs of traits for the pre and pos-weaning periods, also suggest that the selection criterion for each period, based on the studied traits, can be chosen independently.

Influência da heterogeneidade de variâncias na avaliação genética de bovinos de corte da raça Tabapuã

Data from Tabapua beef cattle were used to study the influence of variance heterogeneity on genetic evaluation. Adjusted weights at 120, 240 and 420 days of age were classified in three classes of standard deviation: low ( 18.9kg), based on phenotypic standard deviation of the weight at 120 days of age of the contemporary groups. Multiple trait analyses, considering each class of phenotypic standard deviation as a distinct trait, were performed. The genetic and residual variances increased as the phenotypic standard deviation of the class increased. Heritabilities for low, medium and high phenotypic standard deviation classes were 0.26, 0.32 and 0.37 (weight at 120 days), 0.28, 0.35 and 0.35 (weight at 240 days) and 0.14, 0.18 and 0.18 (weight at 420 days), respectively. Genetic correlations between the same weight, in low and high phenotypic standard deviation classes were lower than 0.80. The correlation between the breeding values, obtained from multiple trait analyses, and from general analyses (without classes), were greater than 0.93. It was observed that sires would be classified in similar way considering or not considering the heterogeneity of variances in the analyses.

Interação genótipo x ambiente e estimativas de parâmetros genéticos dos pesos aos 205 e 365 dias de idade de bovinos Nelore

Body weight records at 205 (205BW) and 365 (365BW) days of age of 46,408 Nelore animals, born from 1976 to 2000 period in 530 Nelore herds of several states of Brazil, were used to evaluate genotype by environment interactions and to estimate genetic and maternal heritability by restricted maximum likelihood methodology. The statistical model included the fixed effects of contemporary group and age of cow (covariate), and the random direct and maternal additive genetic effects. The genetic correlation for 205BW and 365BW, each one considered as different traits in each of the South (S), Southeast (SE), Central west (CO), North (N) and Northeast (NE) regions were 0.86 and 0.84, 0.64 and 0.35, 0.75 and 0.42, 0.79 and 0.86, 0.92 and 0.81, 0.95 and 0.83, 0.83 and 1.00, 0.88 and 0.81, 0.33 and 0.85, 0.63 and 0.99 for S/SE, S/CO, S/N, S/NE, SE/CO, SE/N, SE/NE, CO/N, CO/NE and N/NE, respectively. There is a significant genotype by environment interaction for 205BW in the combination involving the S/CO, S/N, S/NE, CO/NE, and N/NE regions. There are significant genotype by environment interaction effects in the combination involving the S/CO and S/N regions for 365BW. Based on genetic x environment interaction results, regional genetic evaluation is recommend for the very distinct regions.

A genome‐wide scan for selection signatures in Nellore cattle

Brazilian Nellore cattle (Bos indicus) have been selected for growth traits for over more than four decades. In recent years, reproductive and meat quality traits have become more important because of increasing consumption, exports and consumer demand. The identification of genome regions altered by artificial selection can potentially permit a better understanding of the biology of specific phenotypes that are useful for the development of tools designed to increase selection efficiency. Therefore, the aims of this study were to detect evidence of recent selection signatures in Nellore cattle using extended haplotype homozygosity methodology and BovineHD marker genotypes (>777,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms) as well as to identify corresponding genes underlying these signals. Thirty-one significant regions (P < 0.0001) of possible recent selection signatures were detected, and 19 of these overlapped quantitative trait loci related to reproductive traits, growth, feed efficiency, meat quality, fatty acid profiles and immunity. In addition, 545 genes were identified in regions harboring selection signatures. Within this group, 58 genes were associated with growth, muscle and adipose tissue metabolism, reproductive traits or the immune system. Using relative extended haplotype homozygosity to analyze high-density single nucleotide polymorphism marker data allowed for the identification of regions potentially under artificial selection pressure in the Nellore genome, which might be used to better understand autozygosity and the effects of selection on the Nellore genome.

Eficiência bionutricional de animais da raça Nelore, F1s Valdostana-Nelore e de mestiços de raças européias adaptadas

Foram avaliados cinco grupos geneticos quanto a eficiencia bionutricional (indice resultante da primeira funcao canonica de uma analise bivariada que envolveu ganho de peso e consumo de materia seca) sendo seis animais da raca Nelore (N), cinco 1/2Romosinuano-1/2Caracu (RSC), quatro 1/2Senepol-1/2Caracu (SEC), quatro 1/2Belmont Red-1/2Caracu (BRC) e sete 1/2Valdostana-1/2Nelore (VAN). Nao foi observada diferenca significativa no desempenho dos animais mesticos Caracu, cuja media de eficiencia bionutricional foi 519,8. O Nelore apresentou a menor eficiencia bionutricional, 425,07, e os animais F1 Valdostana-Nelore, 499,30. Tendencia semelhante foi observada para o ganho de peso. Os mesticos que envolveram racas europeias adaptadas (RSC, SEC, BRC) apresentaram media de ganho de peso de 1,69kg/dia, enquanto os F1s Valdostana-Nelore alcancaram 1,57kg/dia e os da raca Nelore 1,29kg/dia. Nao houve diferenca no consumo diario de materia seca entre os grupos geneticos, media de 7,76kg de MS ingerida/dia. Os grupos geneticos apresentaram conversao alimentar semelhante, com media de 4,87kg de MS ingerida/kg de ganho de peso.

Trajetória de crescimento e efeito da idade da vaca nos modelos de regressão aleatória de bovinos jovens da raça Tabapuã

This study was undertaken to establish the best way of considering the fixed effects in random regression models for genetic evaluations. The use of polynomial functions to describe growth curves and age-of-dam effects was evaluated by analyzing body weight of 41,415 young Tabapua beef cattle, born from 1975 to 1997 and raised under pasture conditions. Age-of-dam and sex effects showed significant influence on body weights of animals younger than 2-year-old. Age-of-dam effect on weights of offspring showed to be dependent on age of animals. High goodness of fit (R2>0.98) were reached using age of dam at weighing day (i.e., sum of age of dam at birth plus age of animal at weighing day) with at least second degree polynomials and growth curves fitted to each sex separately with at least third degree polynomials.