Lanuola Asiasiga

Kids in the city study: research design and methodology

BackgroundPhysical activity is essential for optimal physical and psychological health but substantial declines in childrens activity levels have occurred in New Zealand and internationally. Childrens independent mobility (i.e., outdoor play and traveling to destinations unsupervised), an integral component of physical activity in childhood, has also declined radically in recent decades. Safety-conscious parenting practices, car reliance and auto-centric urban design have converged to produce children living increasingly sedentary lives. This research investigates how urban neighborhood environments can support or enable or restrict childrens independent mobility, thereby influencing physical activity accumulation and participation in daily life.Methods/DesignThe study is located in six Auckland, New Zealand neighborhoods, diverse in terms of urban design attributes, particularly residential density. Participants comprise 160 children aged 9-11 years and their parents/caregivers. Objective measures (global positioning systems, accelerometers, geographical information systems, observational audits) assessed childrens independent mobility and physical activity, neighborhood infrastructure, and streetscape attributes. Parent and child neighborhood perceptions and experiences were assessed using qualitative research methods.DiscussionThis study is one of the first internationally to examine the association of specific urban design attributes with child independent mobility. Using robust, appropriate, and best practice objective measures, this study provides robust epidemiological information regarding the relationships between the built environment and health outcomes for this population.

What constitutes a ‘trip’? Examining child journey attributes using GPS and self-report

Active travel is associated with improved health and development outcomes in children. Accurate detection of childrens travel behaviors and routes, however, is problematic. Travel diaries are often used to collect information on childrens travel behaviors, yet no evidence for the accuracy of this methodology exists. This study investigated the validity of childrens self-reported trips (origin, destination) compared with an objective criterion (global positioning systems units; GPS). Children (n = 10, 9–11 y) wore the GPS units for seven consecutive days between March and June 2011 and completed travel diaries daily with researcher assistance. Affinity group interviews were conducted in December 2011 with 30 children from two schools to garner perspectives on trip definition, neighborhood perceptions, and to illuminate GPS and travel diary findings. GPS journeys were manually compared with travel diary journeys for destination sequencing, start times, and travel mode. Accuracy in trip sequencing was compared by day type, and journey type using percentage differences and the chi-square (χ2) statistic. Of the 380 trips captured, 54.5% of journey sequences were fully or partially matched, 22.4% were GPS only trips and 23.2% travel diary only. Greater accuracy (full/partial match) was observed for weekdays than for weekend days and for the journey to or from school than for other journeys. Travel mode agreement existed for 99% of matched trips. Although childrens travel diaries may confer contextual journey information, they may not provide completely accurate information on journey sequencing. Thematic analysis of affinity group data revealed that reasons for this are multifaceted, including differing concepts of what constitutes a ‘trip’. A combined approach of GPS and travel diary is recommended to gather a comprehensive understanding of childrens journey characteristics.

Neighbourhoods for Active Kids: study protocol for a cross-sectional examination of neighbourhood features and children's physical activity, active travel, independent mobility and body size.

Introduction New Zealand childrens physical activity, including independent mobility and active travel, has declined markedly over recent decades. The Neighbourhoods for Active Kids (NfAK) study examines how neighbourhood built environments are associated with the independent mobility, active travel, physical activity and neighbourhood experiences of children aged 9–12 years in primary and intermediate schools across Auckland, New Zealands largest city. Methods and analysis Child-specific indices of walkability, destination accessibility and traffic exposure will be constructed to measure the built environment in 8 neighbourhoods in Auckland. Interactive online-mapping software will be used to measure childrens independent mobility and transport mode to destinations and to derive measures of neighbourhood use and perceptions. Physical activity will be measured using 7-day accelerometry. Height, weight and waist circumference will be objectively measured. Parent telephone interviews will collect sociodemographic information and parent neighbourhood perceptions. Interviews with school representative will capture supports and barriers for healthy activity and nutrition behaviours at the school level. Multilevel modelling approaches will be used to understand how differing built environment variables are associated with activity, neighbourhood experiences and health outcomes. Discussion We anticipate that children who reside in neighbourhoods considered highly walkable will be more physically active, accumulate more independent mobility and active travel, and be more likely to have a healthy body size. This research is timely as cities throughout New Zealand develop and implement plans to improve the liveability of intensifying urban neighbourhoods. Results will be disseminated to participants, local government agencies and through conventional academic avenues.

Mental health issues for lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people: a qualitative study

International research clearly demonstrates that lesbian, gay, bisexual men and women and transgender (LGBT) people experience poorer mental health than heterosexual people. Despite this robust evidence, one important gap in New Zealand is an understanding of the mental health issues of this group. A qualitative research project was commissioned to address this. Data from interviews with 17 key informants and a qualitative online survey completed by 124 LGBT people were thematically analysed. An overarching theme of macro-social environment was identified, along with two other themes: social acceptance and connection experienced by LGBT individuals and the provision of mental health services and other support. These themes were pertinent across the LGBT groupings, but at times in uneven and different ways. In order to develop useful mental health policy and service provision for LGBT people, greater account of social explanations for poor mental health is indicated, along with appropriate mental health service provision.

Social and built-environment factors related to children's independent mobility: The importance of neighbourhood cohesion and connectedness

Abstract This study examines aspects of neighbourhood social environments (namely, neighbourhood safety, cohesion and connection) and child‐specific built environment attributes in relation to childrens independent mobility. The results suggest that children aged 8–13 years with parents who perceive their neighbourhood as more cohesive and more connected, and are located closer to school, engaged in higher levels of independently mobile trips. The qualitative component of this research revealed that for NZ European, Māori, Samoan and other Pacific parents, ‘people danger’ was the most common concern for letting their children go out alone, whereas for Asian and Indian parents, ‘traffic danger’ was the most common reason for their concern.

Children’s everyday encounters and affective relations with place: experiences of hyperdiversity in Auckland neighbourhoods

Abstract This paper investigates children’s experiences of hyperdiversity in public spaces in inner city and suburban neighbourhoods in Auckland, New Zealand. As children walk through, and talk about, their everyday places of play and mobility they sense and reveal material and relational diversity in the places and people they encounter. We examine temporal and affective changes in children’s experiences of familiar places when in the presence of strangers – older youth and homeless people. We draw on walking interview and/or focus group data gathered from children aged 9–12 years living in socio economically and ethnically diverse neighbourhoods. Declining rates of physical activity and independent mobility in children and calls for urban spaces that nurture children’s agency and wellbeing provide the research context. Ideas of enabling places are adapted to explore the way constructs of otherness, inclusion and difference can be fortified through social and material expressions of hyperdiversity in the urban landscape. We explore the contention that how children and adults behave, identify and feel within particular urban spaces arises from everyday encounters and affective relations with place itself. In so doing, we seek a conceptual broadening of place as an enabler of children’s mobility, agency and wellbeing.

A Prefigurative Politics of Play in Public Places: Children Claim Their Democratic Right to the City Through Play

Children have as much “right” to the city as adult citizens, yet they lose out in the urban spatial justice stakes. Built environments prioritizing motor vehicles, a default urban planning position that sees children as belonging in child-designated areas, and safety discourses, combine to restrict children’s presence and opportunities for play, rendering them out of place in public space. In this context, children’s everyday appropriations of public spaces for their “playful imaginings” can be seen as a reclamation of their democratic right to the city: a prefigurative politics of play enacted by citizen kids. In this article, we draw on data collected with 265 children in Auckland, Aotearoa/New Zealand, to consider how children’s playful practices challenge adult hegemony of the public domain and prefigure the possibilities of a more equal, child-friendly, and playful city.