Laszlo B. Kish

End of Moore's law: thermal (noise) death of integration in micro and nano electronics

The exponential growth of memory size and clock frequency in computers has a great impact on everyday life. The growth is empirically described by Moore’s law of miniaturization. Physical limitations of this growth would have a serious impact on technology and economy. A thermodynamical effect, the increasing thermal noise voltage (Johnson–Nyquist noise) on decreasing characteristic capacitances, together with the constrain of using lower supply voltages to keep power dissipation manageable on the contrary of increasing clock frequency, has the potential to break abruptly Moore’s law within 6–8 years, or earlier.  2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Semiconductor gas sensors based on nanostructured tungsten oxide

Semiconductor gas sensors based on nanocrystalline WO3 films were produced by two different methods. Advanced reactive gas evaporation was used in both cases either for a direct deposition of films ...

Extracting information from noise spectra of chemical sensors: single sensor electronic noses and tongues

Electronic noses and tongues can utilize noise data taken at the output of a chemical sensor. It is shown that even one single sensor may be sufficient for realizing an electronic nose or tongue. ( ...

Totally secure classical communication utilizing Johnson (-like) noise and Kirchoff's law

An absolutely secure, fast, inexpensive, robust, maintenance-free and low-power- consumption communication is proposed. The states of the information bit are represented by two resistance values. The sender and the receiver have such resistors available and they randomly select and connect one of them to the channel at the beginning of each clock period. The thermal noise voltage and current can be observed but Kirchoffs law provides only a second-order equation. A secure bit is communicated when the actual resistance values at the senders side and the receivers side differ. Then the second order equation yields the two resistance values but the eavesdropper is unable to determine the actual locations of the resistors and to find out the state of the senders bit. The receiver knows that the sender has the inverse of his bit, similarly to quantum entanglement. The eavesdropper can decode the message if, for each bits, she inject current in the wire and measures the voltage change and the current changes in the two directions. However, in this way she gets discovered by the very first bit she decodes. Instead of thermal noise, proper external noise generators should be used when the communication is not aimed to be stealth.

Nanocrystalline tungsten oxide thick-films with high sensitivity to H2S at room temperature

Ultra-fine powder of tungsten oxide was made by evaporation of tungsten metal by an electric are discharge in a reactive atmosphere. The obtained WO3 powder displayed a mixture of monoclinic and te ...

PROTECTION AGAINST THE MAN-IN-THE-MIDDLE-ATTACK FOR THE KIRCHHOFF-LOOP-JOHNSON(-LIKE)-NOISE CIPHER AND EXPANSION BY VOLTAGE-BASED SECURITY

It is shown that the original Kirchhoff-loop-Johnson(-like)-noise (KLJN) cipher is naturally protected against the man-in-the-middle (MITM) attack, if the eavesdropper is using resistors and noise voltage generators just like the sender and the receiver. The eavesdropper can extract zero bit of information before she is discovered. However, when the eavesdropper is using noise current generators, though the cipher is protected, the eavesdropper may still be able to extract one bit of information while she is discovered. For enhanced security, we expand the KLJN cipher with the comparison of the instantaneous voltages via the public channel. In this way, the sender and receiver has a full control over the security of measurable physical quantities in the Kirchhoff-loop. We show that when the sender and receiver compare not only their instantaneous current data but also their instantaneous voltage data then the zero-bit security holds even for the noise current generator case. We show that the original KLJN scheme is also zero-bit protected against that type of MITM attack when the eavesdropper uses voltage noise generators, only. In conclusion, within the idealized model scheme, the man-in-the-middle-attack does not provide any advantage compared to the regular attack considered earlier. The remaining possibility is the attack by a short, large current pulse, which described in the original paper as the only efficient type of regular attacks, and that yields the one bit security. In conclusion, the KLJN cipher is superior to known quantum communication schemes in every respect, including speed, robustness, maintenance need, price and its natural immunity against the man-in-the-middle attack.

Noise-based logic: Binary, multi-valued, or fuzzy, with optional superposition of logic states

Article history: A new type of deterministic (non-probabilistic) computer logic system inspired by the stochasticity of brain signals is shown. The distinct values are represented by independent stochastic processes: independent voltage (or current) noises. The orthogonality of these processes provides a natural way to construct binary or multi-valued logic circuitry with arbitrary number N of logic values by using analog circuitry. Moreover, the logic values on a single wire can be made a (weighted) superposition of the N distinct logic values. Fuzzy logic is also naturally represented by a two-component superposition within the binary case (N = 2). Error propagation and accumulation are suppressed. Other relevant advantages are reduced energy dissipation and leakage current problems, and robustness against circuit noise and background noises such as 1/ f , Johnson, shot and crosstalk noise. Variability problems are also non-existent because the logic value is an AC signal. A similar logic system can be built with orthogonal sinusoidal signals (different frequency or orthogonal phase) however that has an extra 1/N type slowdown compared to the noise-based logic system with increasing number of N furthermore it is less robust against time delay effects than the noise-based counterpart.

INFORMATION TRANSFER RATE OF NEURONS: STOCHASTIC RESONANCE OF SHANNON'S INFORMATION CHANNEL CAPACITY

The information channel capacity of neurons is calculated in the stochastic resonance region using Shannons formula. This quantity is an effective measure of the quality of signal transfer, unlike the information theoretic calculations previously used, which only characterize the entropy of the output and not the rate of information transfer. The Shannon channel capacity shows a well pronounced maximum versus input noise intensity. The location of the maximum is at a higher input noise level than has been observed for classical measures, such as signal-to-noise ratio.

Noise-based logic hyperspace with the superposition of 2N states in a single wire

Abstract In the introductory paper [L.B. Kish, Phys. Lett. A 373 (2009) 911], about noise-based logic, we showed how simple superpositions of single logic basis vectors can be achieved in a single wire. The superposition components were the N orthogonal logic basis vectors. Supposing that the different logic values have “on/off” states only, the resultant discrete superposition state represents a single number with N bit accuracy in a single wire, where N is the number of orthogonal logic vectors in the base. In the present Letter, we show that the logic hyperspace (product) vectors defined in the introductory paper can be generalized to provide the discrete superposition of 2 N orthogonal system states. This is equivalent to a multi-valued logic system with 2 2 N logic values per wire. This is a similar situation to quantum informatics with N qubits, and hence we introduce the notion of noise-bit. This system has major differences compared to quantum informatics. The noise-based logic system is deterministic and each superposition element is instantly accessible with the high digital accuracy, via a real hardware parallelism, without decoherence and error correction, and without the requirement of repeating the logic operation many times to extract the probabilistic information. Moreover, the states in noise-based logic do not have to be normalized, and non-unitary operations can also be used. As an example, we introduce a string search algorithm which is O ( M ) times faster than Grovers quantum algorithm (where M is the number of string entries), while it has the same hardware complexity class as the quantum algorithm.

Detecting harmful gases using fluctuation-enhanced sensing with Taguchi sensors

Sensing techniques are often required to not only be versatile and portable, but also to be able to enhance sensor information. This paper describes and demonstrates a new approach to chemical signal analysis that we call fluctuation-enhanced sensing. It utilizes the entire bandwidth of the sensor signal in contrast to more conventional approaches that rely on the dc response. The new principle holds prospects for significantly reducing the necessary number of sensors in artificial noses and tongues, and it can provide improved sensitivity.