Laurie J. Reitsema

Beyond diet reconstruction: Stable isotope applications to human physiology, health, and nutrition

Analysis of stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes from soft or mineralized tissues is a direct and widely‐used technique for modeling diets. In addition to its continued role in paleodiet analysis, stable isotope analysis is now contributing to studies of physiology, disease, and nutrition in archaeological and living human populations. In humans and other animals, dietary uptake and distribution of carbon and nitrogen among mineralized and soft tissue is carried out with varying efficiency due to factors of internal biology. Human pathophysiologies may lead to pathology‐influenced isotopic fractionation that can be exploited to understand not just skeletal health and diet, but physiological health and nutrition. This study reviews examples from human biology, non‐human animal ecology, biomedicine, and bioarchaeology demonstrating how stable isotope analyses are usefully applied to the study of physiological adaptation and adaptability. Suggestions are made for future directions in applying stable isotope analysis to the study of nutritional stress, disease, and growth and development in living and past human populations. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 25:445–456, 2013.

Stable Isotope Evidence for Sex- and Status-Based Variations in Diet and Life History at Medieval Trino Vercellese, Italy

The medieval period in Europe was a time of unprecedented social complexity that affected human diet. The diets of certain subgroups-for example, children, women, and the poor-are chronically underrepresented in historical sources from the medieval period. To better understand diet and the distribution of foods during the medieval period, we investigated stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios of 30 individuals from Trino Vercellese, Northern Italy (8th-13th c.). Specifically, we examined diet differences between subgroups (males and females, and high- and low-status individuals), and diet change throughout the life course among these groups by comparing dentine and bone collagen. Our results show a diet based on terrestrial resources with input from C(4) plants, which could include proso and/or foxtail millet. Diets of low-status males differ from those of females (both status groups) and of high-status males. These differences develop in adulthood. Childhood diets are similar among the subgroups, but sex- and status-based differences appear in adulthood. We discuss the possibility of cultural buffering and dietary selectivity of females and high-status individuals.

Introducing fecal stable isotope analysis in primate weaning studies.

This research investigates the potential of a new, noninvasive method for determining age of weaning among primates using stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios in feces. Analysis of stable isotope ratios in body tissues is a well‐established method in archeology and ecology for reconstructing diet. This is the first study to investigate weaning in primates using fecal stable isotope ratios. Diets of a single François’ langur (Trachypithecus francoisi) mother–infant pair at the Toledo Zoo are reconstructed using this technique to track changes in infant suckling behavior over the weaning period. Stable isotope ratios in feces are sampled instead of more traditional samples such as bone or hair to enable daily, noninvasive snapshots of weaning status. Isotopic assessments of weaning status are compared to visual assessments to identify any discordance between the two. Three measurements documented the transition from breast milk to solid foods: stable carbon isotope ratios (δ13C), stable nitrogen isotope ratios (δ15N), and nitrogen content of feces (%N). It appears that solid foods were introduced at approximately 2 months of infant age, but that nursing continued into the 12th month, when sample collection ceased. Stable isotope data exposed a much longer weaning period than what was expected based on previously published data for captive langurs, and clarified visual estimates of weaning status. This reflects the methods sensitivity to suckling at night and ability to distinguish actual nursing from comfort nursing. After testing this method with zoo animals, it can readily be applied among wild populations. An isotopic approach to weaning provides a new, accurate, and biologically meaningful assessment of interbirth intervals, and facilitates a better understanding of mother–infant interactions. Both of these outcomes are critical for developing successful conservation strategies for captive and wild primates. Am. J. Primatol. 74:926‐939, 2012.

Brief communication: Oxygen isotopes as a biomarker for sickle-cell disease? Results from transgenic mice expressing human hemoglobin S genes

The origins of sickle-cell disease (SCD) are well understood, as are its evolutionary pressures on humans and pathological presentation. However, because it has not been possible to identify SCD in archaeological contexts, its biocultural effects on past populations are unknown. Previous research investigating oxygen isotope fractionation during respiration among anemics suggests that oxygen isotopes in bone apatite may provide a biological marker for SCD in skeletal remains. This pilot study reports δ(18) O ratios in bone apatite of transgenic laboratory mice expressing human SCD globins and compares them to healthy control mice. The δ(18) O ratios of sick mice are significantly lower than those of healthy mice (-5.6‰ vs. -4.5‰; P = 0.002), and the sickest mice exhibit the lowest ratios of all (mean δ(18) O = -5.8‰). These preliminary results suggest that this method may be usefully applied to skeletal materials of past human populations whose diets and water sources do not differ substantially.

Diet and society in Poland before the state: stable isotope evidence from a Wielbark population (2 nd c. AD)

Abstract The 1st-4th c. AD Wielbark culture of Eastern Europe is relatively understudied bioarchaeologically due to the fragmentary nature of its cemeteries. Here, we report the first stable isotope analysis of Wielbark diet using stable carbon and nitrogen isotope signatures from both collagen and carbonate of 30 individuals from Rogowo, a 2nd c. Wielbark cemetery in North-Central Poland. Diet at Rogowo was primarily based on terrestrial foods and included millet, a C4 plant cultivated by many Slavic populations in Europe. Anadromous fish likely supplemented the diet, which is clarified when considering collagen and carbonate data in tandem. Stable isotope differences between the sexes indicate that men and women may have consumed different foods, although there is a possibility that women immigrated to Rogowo from an isotopically different region of Europe. No significant differences are noted in δ13C or δ15N of women with and without grave goods, suggesting little social differentiation within the Wielbark culture, at least in terms of daily food access. Reconstructing human diet in Europe through stable isotope analysis is problematic because of the relative isotopic homogeneity in this region of the world. This study further demonstrates the utility of using both carbonate and collagen stable isotope data in tandem to reconstruct past European diet.

Advances in primate stable isotope ecology-Achievements and future prospects.

Stable isotope biogeochemistry has been used to investigate foraging ecology in non‐human primates for nearly 30 years. Whereas early studies focused on diet, more recently, isotopic analysis has been used to address a diversity of ecological questions ranging from niche partitioning to nutritional status to variability in life history traits. With this increasing array of applications, stable isotope analysis stands to make major contributions to our understanding of primate behavior and biology. Most notably, isotopic data provide novel insights into primate feeding behaviors that may not otherwise be detectable. This special issue brings together some of the recent advances in this relatively new field. In this introduction to the special issue, we review the state of isotopic applications in primatology and its origins and describe some developing methodological issues, including techniques for analyzing different tissue types, statistical approaches, and isotopic baselines. We then discuss the future directions we envision for the field of primate isotope ecology. Am. J. Primatol. 78:995–1003, 2016.

PROVISIONING AN URBAN ECONOMY: ISOTOPIC PERSPECTIVES ON LANDSCAPE USE AND ANIMAL SOURCING ON THE ATLANTIC COASTAL PLAIN

Abstract Isotopic evidence from animal bones deposited in urban contexts offers a landscape perspective into urban life, hinting at where animals lived before reaching their final resting place in the city. Here, we use stable carbon and nitrogen isotope evidence from cattle (Bos taurus) bones excavated from commercial and residential sites within historic Charleston, South Carolina, to evaluate whether markets pooled or segregated access to beef cattle drawn into the urban economy from the broader landscape. Results indicate that stable isotope values of cattle are varied, suggesting a broad catchment area, and differ significantly among site contexts, offering preliminary evidence regarding the roles markets played in integrating the surrounding landscape through market exchange.

Laboratory and field methods for stable isotope analysis in human biology

Stable isotope analysis (SIA; carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen) of human tissues offers a means for assessing diet among living humans. Stable isotope ratios of broad categories of food and drink food vary systematically, and stable isotope ratios in consumer tissues represent a composite of the isotopic ratios of food and drink consumed during an individuals life. Isotopic evidence for diet is independent of errors in informant recall, and accrues during time periods when researchers are absent. Beyond diet reconstruction, tissue stable isotope ratios are sensitive to excursions from homeostasis, such as starvation and rapid growth. Because of their relationship to diet, geographic location, hydration, and nutritional status, stable isotope signatures in human tissues offer a window into human biocultural adaptations, past and present. This article describes methods for SIA that may be usefully applied in studies of living humans, with emphasis placed on carbon and nitrogen. Some of the ecological, physiological, and evolutionary applications of stable isotope data among living humans are discussed. By incorporating SIA in research, human biologists facilitate a productive dialog with bioarchaeologists, who routinely use stable isotope evidence, mingling different perspectives on human biology and behavior. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 27:593–604, 2015.

The Late Neolithic sepulchral and ritual place of site 14 in Kowal (Kuyavia, Central Poland)

Zusammenfassung: Forschungsgegenstand dieses Artikels ist ein Begräbnis- und Ritualplatz der Kugelamphoren-Kultur der Fundstätte 14 in Kowal (Zentral-Polen). Die Stätte umfasst einen Submegalithen sowie einen Ritualplatz mit Tiergräbern und einer menschlichen Bestattung. Der Komplex kann auf die Zeit zwischen 3250/3100 und 2400/2150 v. Chr. datiert werden. Analysen haben gezeigt, dass der Platz über eine lange Zeit benutzt wurde, und dass die durchgeführten Rituale sehr komplex waren. Beweise wurden gefunden, dass an einigen Stellen rituelle Handlungen ohne Unterbrechung über viele Jahre durchgeführt wurden und einzelne Tieropfer und Niederlegungen nur durch einen Zeitraum von wenigen Jahren voneinander getrennt waren. Die Fund-Struktur einiger Gruben zeigt eine sehr penible Organisation des geheiligten Platzes und ermöglicht an einigen Stellen sogar eine Unterscheidung in Nutz- und rituelle Zonen. Weitere wichtige Informationen wurden durch die Untersuchung einer menschlichen Grablege an dieser Stätte gewonnen. Die Analyse der Grabbeigaben hat deren Natur als rituelle Gaben gezeigt; weiter weist sie auf eine dominante Rolle von Tieren im täglichen Leben der verstorbenen Person hin. Wichtige Daten wurden durch die paläo-biologische Untersuchung der menschlichen Knochen gewonnen. Die paläo-serologische Analyse ergab die Blutgruppe der bestatteten Person. Dies ist der erste derartige Nachweis in der Geschichte der europäischen neolithischen Forschung. Bei den Ergebnissen der DNA-Analyse handelt es eines Vertreters der Kugelamphoren-Kultur in der Literatur und zudem um eine von nur wenigen solcher Untersuchungen eines neolithischen Menschen. Einige der nachgewiesenen Allele sind die ältesten Beispiele dieses speziellen Allel-Typs, die in menschlichen Überresten bis heute identifiziert wurden. Die DNA-Analysen belegen eine Laktose-Intoleranz der bestatteten Person, sie legen weiter eine genetische Verwandtschaft mit der Bevölkerung aus der Region des Fruchtbaren Halbmondes nahe. Die Analyse des stabilen Sauerstoff-Isotopen-Verhältnisses zeigt Muster für häufigeren Ortswechsel und das Entwöhnungsalter. Analysen von stabilen Kohlenstoff- und Stickstoff-Isotopen-Verhältnissen haben Rückschlüsse auf die Ernährung ermöglicht; besondere Aufmerksamkeit verdient die Tatsache, dass bis zu 25 % der Kohlenhydrat-haltigen Nahrung aus Hirse bestanden hat. Das ist der früheste Isotopen-gestützte Nachweis von Hirse in der menschlichen Ernährung in Mitteleuropa. Résumé: Le site 14 de Kowal en Pologne centrale, un complexe rituel appartenant à la culture des amphores globulaires, forme le sujet de cet article. Le site comporte un sub-mégalithe, une structure rituelle avec des dépôts d’animaux et une sépulture humaine. Il fut occupé pendant une longue période allant de 3250/3100 à 2400/2150 av. J.-C. et les rituels étaient complexes: certains furent célébrés au même endroit pendant longtemps, tandis que les sacrifices et dépôts d’animaux n’étaient séparés que par de courts intervalles de peutêtre quelques années. Le remplissage de plusieurs fosses démontre une organisation précise de l’espace sacré, et il a même été possible de faire une distinction entre les actes de déposition rituelle et les dépôts de type utilitaire à l’intérieur de ces fosses. L’étude de la sépulture humaine a également fourni d’importants indices. Il en ressort qu’un individu intentionnellement choisi parmi les membres de ‘l’aristocratie’ locale a été la victime d’un meurtre rituel. L’analyse du mobilier funéraire indique qu’il s’agit d’offrandes rituelles et suggère que les animaux jouaient un rôle déterminant dans la vie de cet individu. L’étude de ses ossements a fourni un important ensemble de données, y compris les résultats d’une analyse sérologique permettant d’identifier – pour la première fois pour le Néolithique européen – le groupe sanguin de cette homme. Dans une étude également pionnière pour la culture des amphores globulaires, l’analyse ADN a permis de décrire la composition génétique d’un de ses membres, une rareté dans les études sur le Néolithique. Certains allèles sont les plus anciens exemplaires d’un type particulier d’allèles jusqu’à présent découvert dans des restes humains. Les données de l’analyse de l’ADN de cet individu suggèrent qu’il était intolérant au lactose et qu’il avait des affinités génétiques avec le Croissant fertile. Les résultats de l’analyse des isotopes stables de l’oxygène peuvent être interprétés soit en termes de mobilité ou de sevrage. Ceux provenant de l’analyse des isotopes stables du carbone et de l’azote nous permettent de reconstruire l’alimentation de notre individu ; en particulier le millet fournissait jusqu’à 25 % de sa consommation en glucides. Ce résultat constitue le premier indice isotopique de la présence du millet dans l’alimentation des populations de l’Europe centrale. Abstract: Site 14 in Kowal (central Poland), a funerary and ritual place of the Globular amphora culture forms the subject of this article. The site includes a sub-megalith, a ritual feature with animal burials and a human burial. The complex can be dated to a period spanning from 3250/3100 to 2400/2150 BC; it was used over a long period, and the rituals carried out were complex. Rituals were performed over many years in certain areas, while individual acts of animal sacrifice and deposition may have been separated by a short interval of just a few years. The fill of some pits shows that the sacred space was carefully organised and it has been possible to distinguish between some utilitarian and ritual deposits within them. Other important information is provided by the study of a human burial discovered at the site. It is possible that a deliberately chosen individual from the tribal ‘aristocracy’ was the victim of a ritual murder. The analysis of the grave goods reveals that they were ritual offerings, and these suggest that animals played a dominant role in the deceased man’s daily life. The study of his bones provides important new insights, including those from a palaeo-serological analysis revealing his blood group, a first in the history of European Neolithic research. The results of DNA analysis constitute the first description of the genetic traits of a representative of the Globular amphora culture, among very few such DNA profiles available for a Neolithic person. Some of the alleles discovered are the oldest examples of particular alleles among those identified in human remains so far. DNA evidence suggests that the individual was lactose intolerant, and it demonstrates a genetic relationship with the Fertile Crescent. The analysis of stable oxygen isotope ratios shows patterns compatible with either residential mobility or weaning age. The analysis of stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios allowed us to reconstruct the individual’s diet; particular attention is drawn to the fact that up to 25 % of his carbohydrate diet consisted of millet. This is the earliest isotopic evidence for the presence of millet in the diet of people living in Central Europe.

Origin of the ornamented bâton percé from the Gołębiewo site 47 as a trigger of discussion on long-distance exchange among Early Mesolithic communities of Central Poland and Northern Europe

This article describes evidence for contact and exchange among Mesolithic communities in Poland and Scandinavia, based on the interdisciplinary analysis of an ornamented bâton percé from Gołębiewo site 47 (Central Poland). Typological and chronological-cultural analyses show the artefact to be most likely produced in the North European Plain, during the Boreal period. Carbon-14 dating confirms the antiquity of the artefact. Ancient DNA analysis shows the artefact to be of Rangifer tarandus antler. Following this species designation, a dispersion analysis of Early-Holocene reindeer remains in Europe was conducted, showing this species to exist only in northern Scandinavia and north-western Russia in this period. Therefore, the bâton from Gołębiewo constitutes the youngest reindeer remains in the European Plain and south-western Scandinavia known to date. An attempt was made to determine the biogeographic region from which the antler used to produce the artefact originates from. To this end, comprehensive δ18O, δ13C and δ15N isotope analyses were performed. North Karelia and South Lapland were determined as the most probable regions in terms of isotopic data, results which correspond to the known distribution range of Rangifer tarandus at this time. In light of these finds, the likelihood of contact between Scandinavia and Central Europe in Early Holocene is evaluated. The bâton percé from Gołębiewo is likely key evidence for long-distance exchange during the Boreal period.