Lawrence R. Smith

Relationships of attached garage and home exposures to fuel type and emission levels of garage sources

Mobile source air toxics (MSAT) may pose an adverse health risk, especially in microenvironments with high exposures to vehicle exhaust or evaporative emissions. Although programs such as reformulated gasoline are intended to reduce the emissions of MSAT and ozone precursors, uncertainties remain regarding population exposures associated with both oxygenate-gasoline blends and conventional gasoline. Measurements were carried out in San Antonio, Texas under controlled conditions to establish relationships between vehicle tailpipe and evaporative emissions and concentration levels in a residence with an attached garage. This paper concentrates on the influence of vehicle type (sedan versus pickup truck), its operational mode (normal versus malfunction), and fuel type (conventional versus oxygenated) on the pollutant levels in the attached garage and adjacent room (kitchen).

Safety related additives for methanol fuel

This paper reviews the use of additives to improve safety aspects associated with the use of methanol as a motor fuel. A survey of the literature was conducted to determine candidate additives for methanol that produce one or more of the following properties: provide a visible or luminous flame, reduce the potential for skin contact, give a foul or unpleasant taste and odor, and act as an emetic. Candidate additives were reviewed to determine potential effectiveness, cost, ease of production, health problems, and effects on vehicle performance. Potential additives include complex hydrocarbon mixtures such as gasoline, alcohol soluble dyes and unpalatable compounds such as denatonium benzoate.

Effect of CNG start - gasoline run on emissions from a 3/4 ton pick-up truck

This paper describes experiments to determine the effect on exhaust emissions of starting on compressed natural gas (CNG) and then switching to gasoline once the catalyst reaches operating temperature. Carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen, and detailed exhaust hydrocarbon speciation data were obtained for dedicated CNG, then unleaded gasoline, and finally CNG start - gasoline run using the Federal Test Procedure at 24{degree}C and at -7{degree}C. The results was a reductiopn in emissions from the gasoline baseline, especially at -7{degree}C. It was estimated that CNG start - gasoline run resulted in a 71 percent reduction in potential ozone formation per mile. 3 refs., 6 figs., 11 tabs.