Leif Grönberg

Passive terahertz camera for standoff security screening

We describe the construction and performance of a passive, real-time terahertz camera based on a modular, 64-element linear array of cryogenic hotspot microbolometers. A reflective conical scanner sweeps out a 2 m x 4 m (vertical x horizontal) field of view (FOV) at a standoff range of 8 m. The focal plane array is cooled to 4 K in a closed cycle refrigerator, and the signals are detected on free-standing bridges of superconducting Nb or NbN at the feeds of broadband planar spiral antennas. The NETD of the focal-plane array, referred to the target plane and to a frame rate of 5 s(-1), is 1.25 K near the center of the array and 2 K overall.

Suspended metal wire array as a thermoacoustic sound source

We demonstrate that a suspended metal wire array can be used to produce high-pressure sound waves over a wide spectrum using the thermoacoustic effect. We fabricated air-bridge arrays containing up to 2×105 wires covering an area of a few square centimeters. The supporting silicon wafer was isotropically plasma etched to release the wires thereby avoiding heat contact with the substrate. Sound pressure levels reaching 110 dB at a distance of 8 cm were demonstrated near 40 kHz in free field. The devices are also able to reproduce music and speech. They have potential for applications especially in the ultrasound range.

SIS junctions with frequency dependent damping for a programmable Josephson voltage standard

Experimental and computational results on programmable Josephson junction array (JJA) chips based on superconductor-insulator-superconductor (SIS) junctions are presented. Implications of circuit design and fabrication process on the performance are discussed. We introduce a method to decrease the attenuation of the pump microwave. Different designs are compared, suggesting that 1 V chips operating at the third constant voltage step with 70 GHz pump frequency can be produced with our process.

A coupled DC SQUID with low 1/f noise

A low-noise coupled DC superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) especially optimized for low frequency is discussed. Using large Josephson junctions and a low loop inductance the contribution of the critical current fluctuation to 1/f noise can be minimized. To minimize the inductance the Josephson junctions are placed in the center of the washer close to the SQUID loop. A scaled-up copper model of the SQUID and the signal coil is used to analyze the impedance of the SQUID loop affected by the signal coil. An equivalent circuit model describing the effective inductance of the SQUID loop as a function of the frequency is used to design appropriate damping of the resonances. The DC SQUID characteristics are smooth and the noise performance of the SQUID does not markedly suffer from resonances. The contribution of the 1/f noise at 1 Hz is found to be about 5*10/sup -7/ Phi /sub 0// square root Hz.<<ETX>>

All-planar SQUIDs and pickup coils for combined MEG and MRI

Flux trapping and random flux movement are common problems in superconducting thin-film devices. Ultrasensitive magnetic field sensors based on superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs) coupled to large pickup coils are especially vulnerable to strong external fields. The issue has become particularly relevant with the introduction of SQUID-based ultra-low-field (ULF) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques. In this paper, we study the constraints of thin-film-based magnetometers and gradiometers as exposed to magnetic field sequences of ULF MRI. In particular, we address issues such as response recovery, transient noise, magnetization and behaviour under shielded room conditions after prepolarization. As a result, we demonstrate sensors that are suitable for a combined multi-channel magnetoencephalography (MEG) and MRI imaging system.

Antenna-coupled microbolometers for passive THz direct detection imaging arrays

In the recent years, millimetre wave and THz imaging have received a vast amount of interest due to the interesting possibilities and applications that imaging at these frequencies could enable. Many of the applications that have generated substantial interest (such as stand-off concealed weapons detection) often require exquisite sensitivity, while a low system cost is required. In this paper we discuss one potential candidate for affordable imaging arrays: an antenna-coupled superconducting microbolometer. We show that these devices possess capabilities that are hard to meet with other passive detection schemes. While refrigeration to cryogenic temperatures is required for maximum performance, we show that the devices can be operated within a cryogen-free refrigerator that allows for turn-key operation. Comparison with other detectors is presented

Passive Euro-American terahertz camera (PEAT-CAM): passive indoor THz imaging at video rates for security applications

The objective of this program is to demonstrate a system capable of passive indoors detection and identification of concealed threat items hidden underneath the clothing of non-cooperative subjects from a stand-off distance of several meters. To meet this difficult task, we are constructing an imaging system utilising superconducting ultrawideband antenna-coupled microbolometers, coupled to innovative room temperature read-out electronics, and operated within a cryogen-free pulse tube refrigerator. Previously, we have demonstrated that these devices are capable of a Noise Equivalent Temperature Difference (NETD) of 125 mK over a pre-detection bandwidth from 0.2-1 THz using a post-detection integration time of 30 ms. Further improvements on our devices are reducing this number to a few tens of mK. Such an exquisite sensitivity is necessary in order to achieve the undoubtedly stringent requirements for low false positive alarm rate combined with high probability of detection dictated by the application. Our technological approach allows for excellent per frame NETD (objective 0.5 K or below at 30 Hz frame rate), and is also amenable to multispectral (colour) imagery that enhances the discrimination of innocuous objects against real threats. In the paper we present results obtained with an 8-pixel subarray from our linear array of 128 pixels constructed using a modular approach. Two-dimensional imaging will be achieved by the use of conical scanning.

Characterization of a fabrication process for the integration of superconducting qubits and rapid-single-flux-quantum circuits

In order to integrate superconducting qubits with rapid-single-flux-quantum (RSFQ) control circuitry, it is necessary to develop a fabrication process that simultaneously fulfils the requirements of both elements: low critical current density, very low operating temperature (tens of millikelvin) and reduced dissipation on the qubit side; high operation frequency, large stability margins, low dissipated power on the RSFQ side. For this purpose, VTT has developed a fabrication process based on Nb trilayer technology, which allows the on-chip integration of superconducting qubits and RSFQ circuits even at very low temperature. Here we present the characterization (at 4.2 K) of the process from the point of view of the Josephson devices and show that they are suitable to build integrated superconducting qubits.

Real-time passive terahertz imaging system for standoff concealed weapons imaging

The performance of stand-off imaging systems of concealed weapons in the mm-wave range remains limited by the relatively poor angular resolution using practical aperture sizes. For this reason, increasing the operating frequency of the systems is desired, but in practice is hard to realize due to the lack of affordable, low noise amplifiers well beyond 100 GHz. In this paper we present a passive terahertz imaging system which acquires passive terahertz (~200 GHz - ~1 THz) imagery near video frame rate. The system, one copy of which is built in Finland and the other in the U.S., is based on a 64 pixel linear array of superconducting antenna-coupled microbolometers operated within a commercial cryogen-free closed cycle cryocooler, and utilizes conical scanning Schmidt optics. Quantitative measurements on the imager resolution metrics (thermal, spatial and temporal) will be presented. The results from field tests at the Helsinki-Vantaa airport will be presented.

High-resolution superconducting single-flux quantum comparator for sub-Kelvin temperatures

A design of sub-Kelvin single-flux quantum (SFQ) circuits with reduced power dissipation and additional cooling of shunt resistors has been developed and characterized. The authors demonstrate operation of SFQ comparators with current resolution of 40nA at 2GHz sampling rate. Due to improved cooling the electron temperature in shunt resistors of a SFQ comparator is below 50mK when the bath temperature is about 30mK.