Leo Carroll

Race and the War on Crime: The Sociopolitical Determinants of Municipal Police Expenditures in 90 Non-Southern U.S. Cities

Three variables suggested by conflict theory--the racial composition of the city, the level of black mobilization activity, and the frequency of riots in the 1960s--are used as independent predictors of municipal policing expenditures in 1971. A simultaneous model which recognizes the interdependence of the police expenditure function with the crime and total city revenue functions is tested using data for a sample of 90 U.S. cities. Racial composition and the level of black mobilization activity were significant predictors of municipal policing expenditures. Race-related variables appear to have had a greater effect on police capital expenditures than on expenditures for salaries and operations. (abstract Adapted from Source: American Sociological Review, 1981. Copyright

Gender, Knowledge about AIDS, Reported Behavioral Change, and the Sexual Behavior of College Students.

This article reports on an analysis of the relationships among knowledge about AIDS, self-reported changes in sexual behavior, and independent measures of those behaviors--condom use, coital frequency, and number of partners. The sample consisted of 195 sexually active, heterosexual college students attending a northeastern state university in spring 1988. With other relevant variables held constant, statistically significant associations in the predicted direction were found between knowledge and reported change and each of the dependent variables among the men, especially the men not involved in relationships. Among women, however, the only significant association was that between reporting the beginning of condom use and the frequency with which condoms were used in the past year. Possible reasons for these gender differences are discussed.

The Use of Incarceration in the United States

The past two decades have produceda profound increase in imprisonment in theUnited States, resulting in a prison populationof two million and expenditures of over

Humanitarian Reform and Biracial Sexual Assault in a Maximum Security Prison

35billion annually on corrections, while otherimportant government services are underfunded. Imprisonment is highest for minority maleslargely because of the War on Drugs, which hasalso dramatically increased the incarcerationof women and created nearly 1.5 millionchildren having a parent incarcerated. Inresponse to this trend, the American Society ofCriminology (ASC) directed the ASC NationalPolicy Committee (NPC) to draft a policy paperon the incarceration issue. This articleexplains the main ideas, themes, andrecommendations of the full policy paper. Itanalyzes the sources and effects of theincreased use of imprisonment, drawingattention to the negative effects of excessiveincarceration. The paper and itsrecommendations reflect a concern that the ASCneeds to set a research agenda that isindependent of the federal government andconventional wisdom. The NPC hopes this paperwill stimulate a healthy and much overduedebate on the role of the ASC in public policyin general, and the merits of widespreadincarceration in particular.

Separate and unequal: Prison versus free-world medical care

AUTHOR’S NOTE: This paper is a revision of a paper read at the 1974 Annual Meeting of the Society for the Study of Social Problems in Montreal. LEO CARROLL is an Assistant Professor of Sociology at the University of Rhode Island. He received his Ph.D. from Brown University in 1974. This articte is based upon his dissertation. At present, he is conducting research on social discrimination in the granting of parole, and on the prison and postprison adjustments of &dquo;lifers.&dquo;

Health Condition and Prisoners: A Review of Research and Emerging Areas of Inquiry

Rusche and Kirchheimer argued that attempts at penal reform are limited by a principle of less eligibility, by which the regimen of punishment is made harsher than the conditions of life among the least well-off members of the working classes. In addition, Black posited that the benefits of law are inversely related to stratification and morphology; that is, inmates would be entitled to fewer benefits in law than would free-world citizens. Today the penal harm movement strives to make prison life harder, asserting that comfortable prison conditions are responsible for high crime rates. Critics frequently blame judicial intervention in prison operations for upsetting the careful calibration necessary to deter crime. In this article we examine these assertions by focusing on medical care litigation. Comparing the legal rules and precedents used to hold prison physicians liable for inadequate medical care under 42 U.S.C., Section 1983 with the standards customarily employed by courts in evaluating medical ma...

Thinking about the Relationship Between Health Dynamics in the Free Community and the Prison

Prison organizations are not isolated institutions, thus social and economic change in the wider society affects their internal dynamics. We explore how health conditions within lower socioeconomic segments of the population influence the health characteristics of prisoner admissions, and we demonstrate how health conditions within the wider society have major implications for prisoner health care systems. A conceptual model is presented that organizes previous research into several areas in conjunction with a research agenda on prisoner health care issues. The article also explores the effects of recent conservative crime control ideologies on institutional health care programs.

Racial composition, sentencing reforms, and rates of incarceration, 1970–1980

Prison organizations are not isolated institutions, thus social and economic change in the wider society affects their internal dynamics. The authors explore how health conditions within lower socioeconomic segments of the population influence the health characteristics of prisoner admissions, and demonstrate how health conditions within the wider society have major implications for prisoner health care systems. The effects of recent conservative crime control ideologies on institutional health care programs are also examined. The article concludes with the development of a research agenda on prisoner health care issues.

Racial Desegregation in Prisons

Rates of incarceration in state prisons increased dramatically between 1970 and 1980, which was accompanied by greater racial disproportionality. This research examines the extent to which these trends may have been due to sentencing reforms during the decade, specifically determinate and mandatory sentencing. No evidence is found to support either hypothesis. Increases in the rate of incarceration were determined by the percentage of blacks in a state, the states population size, the percentage of the population aged 18–29, and crime rates. Changes in the race specific rates were largely a function of the same variables, although certain effects varied by race. Estimates are made of the contribution by these differential effects to increased racial disproportionality over the decade.

Race, Rights, and Order in Prison: A National Survey of Wardens on the Racial Integration of Prison Cells

This article examines the history, law, and research on racial desegregation in American prisons. It focuses on the 2005 U.S. Supreme Court case of Johnson v. California, in which the Court held that prison administrators cannot racially segregate inmates unless under extraordinary circumstances to maintain the security of inmates, staff, and institutions. This article also examines evidence on attitudes and outcomes of racial desegregation in prisons. It ends with a discussion of racial desegregation mandates and policy change in prison organizations.