Levent Bat

Evaluation of the Black Sea Land Based Sources of Pollution the Coastal Region of Turkey

The Black Sea receives large quantities of unregulated and uncontrolled fresh water with drawl for irrigation purposes, hydro and thermal power generation and the use of coastal areas for permanent human settlements; shipping; and untreated domestic, industrial and agricultural wastes drain into the sea via the rivers or directly. In spite of this, research on the heavy metal pollution in marine biota of the Black Sea is limited. This review prepared to be informed of the urban sewage pollution loads and heavy metal concentrations of Turkish coasts of Black Sea. The urban sewages and heavy metals currently effective in Turkey coasts of the Black Sea so as to bring up the levels of land based sources of pollution with rivers and streams in the sea. The Black Sea has a special importance because of its being a sea that receives two large rivers, Kizilirmak and Yesilirmak and in this investigation we can show that Yesilirmak has higher amount of discharge then other rivers. This investigation was carried out with indicate to determine the aid of land-based sources and marine activities to the Black Sea, bringing up its present state. Total chrome and cadmium concentrations are higher then other heavy metals streams and rivers because of high amount of industrial discharges. The data presented in investigation on the heavy metal contamination of marine organisms were different depending on pollution sources, element and species. According to the evaluation of inventories, the results are rising year by year.

Seasonal distribution of fish eggs and larvae off sinop (the southern Black Sea) in 1999-2000

The seasonal distribution of fish eggs and larvae off Sinop, the central southern Black Sea, was studied by using vertical and horizontal tows at two stations at biweekly intervals between January 1999 and November 2000. Besides basic oceanographic parameters, macro gelatinous was also sampled to evaluate their relation to fish eggs and larvae. Eggs or larvae of a total 23 fish species were present in the samples. Most of the species were found to occur during spring and summer. It is observed that especially anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) eggs and larvae were highly abundant during this period. Additionally, beginning from May, the eggs and larvae of species, such as Mullus barbatus, Solea lascaris, Trachurus mediterraneus, Ctenolabrus sp., Blennidae and Gobiidae were represented in samples. In the colder period of the year, early life stages of sprat (Sprattus sprattus) were dominant in ichthyoplankton. According to overall quantitative evaluation, anchovy (87%) had superiority in abundance among egg samples and Gobius sp. (35%) among larvae samples.

Ctenophores-invaders and their role in the trophic dynamics of the planktonic community in the coastal regions off the Crimean coasts of the Black Sea (Sevastopol Bay)

The abundances, biomasses, and population structures of two introduced ctenophore species—Mnemiopsis leidyi and Beroe ovata—were monitored along with mesoplankton in the near-shore waters of the northern Black Sea (Sevastopol Bay and adjacent regions) over a period of four years (2000–2003), after the B. ovata invasion. The annual dynamics of the M. leidyi population were similar in these years: very low abundances and biomass values were observed during the major part of the year (unlike previous years) with a shortterm peak in the summer-early autumn. B. ovata development during the growth in the M. leidyi biomass resulted in a sharp fall in the M. leidyi biomass down to extremely low values. The interannual differences in the populations of both ctenophore species were reflected by their quantitative parameters: the maximum biomass of M. leidyi varied from 790 g/m2 in 2001 to 211–266 g/m2 in other years. The maximum biomass values of B. ovata (38.9 and 32.5 g/m2) were observed in 2001 and 2003, respectively. In 2000–2003, from July to September, during the peak in mnemiopsis development, the population consumed from 1.9 ± 0.4 to 13.4 ± 5.7% of the mesoplankton biomass per day, while in the years of B. ovata absence, these values were as high as 30–40%. For the first time, the grazing rate of microzooplankton by M. leidi larvae was estimated. In August 2003, the maximum daily consumption rate was as great as 23–25% of the microzooplankton biomass. The daily rations of the mnemiopsis larvae on microzooplankton were close or even higher than those on mesoplankton.

Trace Element Concentrations in the Mediterranean Mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis Lamarck, 1819 Caught from Sinop Coast of the Black Sea, Turkey

The concentrations of copper, zinc, lead and cadmium in the soft parts of Mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis caught from the Sinop coasts of the Black Sea have been measured by an atomic absorption spectrophotometer for monitoring metal pollution level in the coastal water seasonally in 2010. In the present study, a statistically significant difference in the concentrations of all metals investigated was observed. The results were compared with previous studies and discussed. It is concluded that the mussels M. galloprovincialis are suitable biomonitors to assess changes in metal pollution in this coastal area of the Black Sea.

Population dynamics and morphological variability of Calanus euxinus in the Black and Marmara Seas

Temporal and spatial changes in abundance, prosome length, oil sac volume, molting patterns and morphometric parameters were studied in Calanus euxinus from the Black and Marmara Seas. In the south‐western part of the Black Sea and deep shelf zone near Sinop the abundance of C. euxinus was high during the whole studied period (2000–2005), with a maximum 23,400 ind m−2 in March 2004. In the Marmara Sea near the Prince Islands in the deep zone the mean annual abundance of C. euxinus was 47 times lower than in the deep zone of the Black Sea (during 2000–2007). However, this parameter reached a significant magnitude of 12,264 ind m−2 in spring in Izmit Bay. During the warm season, C. euxinus are rare in the Marmara Sea. The high temperature and salinity accelerate development in this species; therefore, preadults and adults possess reduced prosome length and oil sac volume. In the cold period in the Marmara Sea the size and lipid content in late copepodite stages increase, especially in Izmit Bay. Similar size of eggs, prosome length of early copepodite stages in the Black and Marmara Seas indicate that the C. euxinus population in the Marmara Sea originates from the individuals penetrating from the Black Sea through the Bosphorus.

The Qualitative and Quantitative Distribution in Phytoplankton and Zooplankton of Southern Black Sea of Cape Sinop, Turkey in 1999-2000

In the present study, seasonality and composition of phytoplankton and zooplankton were comparatively studied at two stations (one inshore and one offshore) off Sinop, in southern Black Sea during January-May 1999 and March-October 2000. A total 76 genera including 149 species and varieties were identified, of which 46% were dinoflagellates and 34% were diatoms in phytoplankton. Abundance of the genera Emiliana (in January-May 1999), Pseudosolenia and Ceratium (in March-October 2000) were higher than that of the other genera in almost every sampling period. Increased dinoflagellate to diatom ratio reflects more fertile conditions in the southern Black Sea. Abundance and biomass of the total fodder zooplankton the highest values were recorded in February 1999; March 2000. Cladocera and Appendicularia abundance and biomass values were higher in 1999 than 2000. Noctiluca scintillans was the most abundant of zooplankton group with a share of 43% (maximum: 416,925 ind.m-2 in May) in 1999. The second abundant group was Copepoda with 42% (172,981 ind.m-2 in February). Copepods with 78% of abundance and 73% of biomass (maximum: 372,330 ind.m-2 and 15,253 mg.m-2 in March) were the dominant group in 2000. They were followed by the dinoflagellate Noctiluca scintillans with 4.8% (maximum: 24,500 ind.m-2 in June).

Accumulation of Heavy Metals (Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Ni, Pb, Cd and Cr) in Tissues of Narrow-barred Spanish mackerel (Family-Scombridae) Fish Marketed by Karachi Fish Harbor

In the present study, Scomberomorus commerson was collected during the period 2006-2011 in order to pro- vide information on the concentrations of eight heavy metals present in this marine species commonly consumed by the population and to have knowledge whether these levels may constitute a hazard to consumers. Liver showed high concen- trations of metals in the tissues and organs. Fe is the most accumulated in all tissues and organs. The highest mean con- centration of Fe (608.93+113.22 µg/g), Mn (9.79+4.22 µg/g), Cu (38.57+16.62 µg/g), Zn (53.25+26.50 µg/g), Ni (3.22+1.13 µg/g), Pb (1.20+0.64 µg/g), Cd (2.03+0.91 µg/g) and Cr (1.93 + 0.87 µg/g) was determined in liver of fish. The order of abundance of the metals in the fish samples based on concentrations in the muscle tissues analysed were as follows: Fe>Zn>Cu>Mn>Ni>Cd>Pb≥Cr. For the toxic metal, Pb was found to have lower concentration of the mean val- ues than the permissible limits set by FAO/WHO. However, Cd level was higher than the permissible limit and it can be concluded that the contamination of Cd in S. commerson may pose threat for the importers due to high per capita con- sumption of the fish.

A brief look at the free-living Nematoda of the oxic/anoxic interface with a new genus record (Trefusia) for the Black Sea

Abstract In order to provide the first comparative source of nematofaunal data at the oxic/anoxic interface off the Sinop Peninsula, the southern Black Sea, a survey of meiofauna and nematode fauna was conducted in August 2011 aboard the exploration vessel (E/V) Nautilus with ROV during the Black Sea Expedition NA012. Higher meiofaunal taxa and nematode composition were investigated. Free-living marine nematodes were the most abundant group at each site. A total of 84 species were found, belonging to 23 families. The suboxic zone was dominated by the nematode Trefusia aff. longicauda (42%). This is the first record of the genus Trefusia De Man, 1893 for the Black Sea. Although many factors are likely to influence the changes in the meiofaunal abundance and the composition of nematode assemblages, we suggest that oxygen reduction indeed affected the meiofaunal abundance and the nematode composition, however, a particular preference of several taxa for extreme conditions may be suggested.

Coastal management plan in the south of the Black Sea

Objective: To describe the environmental factors that effect to the shoreline and how they interact with tourism development. Methods: In the study, both the existing problems of the coastal area of Sinop and the probable solutions to these problems are stated. The system of the coast area of the province was examined with all details and the system was examined in 3 sections, namely anthropogenic components, natural components and tourism components. Results: Tourism which is also referred as smokeless industry provides a tremendous potential for the coastal cities. This sector is a considerable resource of income for coastal cities, so long as environmental factors are also paid attention. Otherwise, it is a mistake to expect sustainable proceeds from tourism. Coastal management is a dynamic, multi-disciplinary process. It includes a complete cycle such as collecting information, planning and decision making and the monitoring management and application, and revealing the problems for the purpose of ensuring a sustainable tourism. Conclusions: This study examines the environmental factors that have driven new approaches to shoreline management and how they interact with tourism development. Then, the integrated coastal zone management study procedure and its prospected outcomes are explained, and importance of the findings on Sinop’s integrated coastal zone management is emphasized.

Heavy Metals in Terapon puta (Cuvier, 1829) from Karachi Coasts, Pakistan

This study was carried out to investigate the accumulation of Fe, Mn, Cd, Pb, and Ni in Terapon puta from Karachi Fish Harbor, Pakistan. There were no significant differences in the concentration of the metals except Mn in T. puta, which is obtained from the different seasons. The highest metal concentration is Fe followed by Mn. Cd, Pb, and Ni were measured relatively lower concentrations. The mean (± SD) Fe, Mn, Cd, Ni, and Pb levels in the muscles tissues of T. puta were , , , , and  mg/kg dry wt., respectively, whereas the mean (± SD) Fe, Mn, Cd, Ni, and Pb levels in the liver tissues of T. puta were , , , , and  mg/kg dry wt., respectively. Cd and Pb levels exceeded the Commission Regulation of European Union maximum limit of 0.05 mg/kg and 0.30 mg/kg, respectively. However, the results of Estimated Weekly Intake and Estimated Daily Intake indicate that the heavy metal levels in the samples are generally within respective recommended guidelines. Thus, it would appear from this study that the heavy metal levels in T. puta from Karachi coasts are low enough not to present a health hazard if the fish are consumed, although due attention should be paid to the maximum acceptable daily intake per kilogram body weight.